Genitourinary anatomy PDF

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Summary

Anatomy and Physiology lecture notes covering the structures and functions of the genitourinary system...

Description

Genitourinary Structures The Kidney One of a pair or organs located in the right and left side of the posterior abdominal wall which clear toxins from the blood, regulate acid concentration and maintain water balance in the body by excreting urine. (Also has many other functions) Location

-The Retroperitoneal Space

-T12 to false pelvis -Floor made of posterior abdominal wall -Lined by fascia and fat -Contents include: kidneys, suprarenals, ascending and descending colon, duodenum, ureters, pancreas and major blood vessels.

-From T12 to L3 -Either side of the vertebral column -Right slightly lower than left (due to liver) -Left longer and narrower -Can move 1 inch on inspiration -Male 125g – 170g -Female 115g – 155g Surrounded by (from outside in) -pararenal fat -renal fascia -perirenal fat -capsule

Structure

-Cortex -Medulla

-12 renal pyramids -Separated by renal columns extending from cortex -Renal Papilla -Tip of pyramid -Projects towards minor calyx -Minor calyces combine to form 3 or 4 major calyces which drain into the renal pelvis which drains into the ureter.

Formation of Urine -Blood filtered at the glomerulus of the nephron in the renal cortex -Fluid formed is refined by the rest of the neuron – both cortex and medulla -Urine drains via collecting tubules through the renal medulla, emptying via the renal papilla into the minor calyx

Blood to and from glomerulus

-Renal artery  5 segmental arteries  lobar artery (1 per pyramid)  interlobar artery (2 per lobar) -Venous drainage mirrors arteries -Lymph (aortic nodes)

Ureters -Muscular tubes -25 – 30cm long -3 constrictions -Retroperitoneal -Easily confused with Psoas minor -Enter posterior bladder at angle, forming a slit like opening Course

From hilum  descends vertically under parietal peritoneum  crosses bifurcation of common illiacs  runs to level of ischial spine  enters bladder

Adrenal Glands

-Yellow -Attached to kidneys by dense fibrous capsule -Highly vascular -7.5g each -Cortex produces corticosteroid hormones -Medulla produces adrenaline and noradrenaline

Bladder

-Retropubic, in pelvis, under cover of peritoneum, above the urogenital diaphragm -Muscular sac -Wall has 3 layers plus connective tissue outer layer / peritoneum -Mucosa -Submucosa -Muscularis (smooth, 3 layers of interlacing muscle, 1 circularis and 2 longitudinal layers. -Shaped like a pyramid -Ureters in -Urethra drains via neck of bladder

Internal structure

-Trigone

-Otherwise Supply

-Arterial -Venous -Lymph

-smooth triangular area -posterior wall / base -bounded by ureteric orifices and urethral meatus -mucosa forms rugae / folds of mucus membrane -superior vesical artery -inferior vesical artery -venous plexus which ends up in internal iliac vein -Internal and External iliac nodes

Function

Urethra

-Adults

-micturition centre pons -pons receives info from bladder wall stretch receptors (cortex) -impulses to PSNS ganglion bladder wall

Neck of the bladder to exterior (male 18cm , female 4cm)

Male 1) 2) 3)

Prostatic Urethra (passes through prostate, meets ejaculatory ducts carry sperm and seminal fluid) Membranous Urethra (level of voluntary external urethral sphincter) Penile Urethra (from urogenital diaphragm to ouside)...