GEO Notes - Instructor: Daniel Davis; John Parise PDF

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Instructor: Daniel Davis; John Parise...

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1/22/2018 - Note exponential growth of human population. Nothing is free, every option has advantages and disadvantages. It depends on what is most important. Dates of exams etc. are 100% solid, but material are fluid. Look at current and future energy sources. Right now we face a challenge: Modern civs need energy use, no longer “wait for horse to grow to pull plow”, energy has become an economy. --Develop resilient infrastructure and economies in the face of climate change. Make ourselves more resistant to climate change Access to energy ha been a great driver of inequality and violent conflict. Energy and production VARIES BASED ON COMMUNITIES AND NATIONS. Clean air act. --“Economic development and improved standards of living are complex processes that share a common denominator: the availability of adequate and reliable supply of energy.” “Energy can be best described in terms of what it an do. We cannot see energy, only its effects; we cannot make it, only use it; and we cannot destroy it, only waste it.” --Conflict between energy security and economic benefits and environment. Earth is so bright due to energy we use, that you can see it from space. Have headlights designed to aim downwards to save energy. Yellow sodium vapor lights killed a lot of trees, trees thought it was never night because yellow light is similar to sunlight and also affects human minds. E.g. red lights vs blue lights. MC focus on affecting human minds with light and color and psychi. Kinetic energy = ½*mv^2 (m=mass v=velocity)

(kg)*(m/s)2 =kg*m2 *s-2  = units of kinetic energy As something goes up into air, it has kinetic, but as it reaches peak and comes down it uses stored energy as potential energy. Potential Energy = mgh CONVERT ENERGY FROM ONE FORM TO ANOTHER. --How oil/gas happens: Oil/Gas is trapped by shale rock that is developed from muddy ground. Needs oil/gas to seep upwards into sandstone where it can float and get trapped in by rocks and you drill there. --Energy Economics: Price of Oil: Below a certain price, fracking is not worth drilling for oil. When the price of oil is up, solar and renewables are more in demand. Elastic market for energy. OPEC is a cartel that decides how much oil is worth, if they pump more they drive profits down. If they decrease pump, they drive prices up. EXAMS: 1st: Feburary 28th 2nd: April 11 FINAL: May 9 (final exam period, 5:30pm) 1/24/2018 Conflicts of interest based on their perspective. Coal miners dont want environmentalists to control, environmentalists don’t want coal miners. Need a middle ground that makes decisions that can take arguments from both sides equally without corruption. 1/29/2018 We can clarify our definitions of energy by describing how we use it. “Now, we’re cooking with gas!”* Gas cookers began to replace wood burners around 1915 Combustion is when oxygen reacts with something else (chemical) to create energy. KPE vs PE (Kinetic vs Potential)

Where we use energy: Transportation Mass transit streetcars typically are against gravity and friction (friction in engine + wheels) Heating/Cooling Thermal Energy (To heat you apply energy to air, but to cool you dont ‘add’ cold air, you remove heat. Lighting Energy Efficiency of any process is always Kinetic -> Electric -> Thermal for heating home. Electric is most efficient. Heat used to be efficient too, steam pipes. When something is very hot, it is blue. But due to human psychology and experience we think its red (lowest flame) All Energy is a form of kinetic energy or potential energy. Chemical Energy: The chemical energy stored within oil is potential energy associated with molecular bonds which are broken during combustion. Thermal Energy: Energy of an object is the sum of all kinetic energy of all molecules in an object. Electrical: Kinetic Energy of Electrons Effect of Work and Heat on energy W+Q=(Change KE + Change PE + Change TE) W = Work Performed Q = Heat Applied KE = Kinetic Energy PE = Gravitational Potential Energy TE = Thermal energy 1KG = 2.2 Pounds (IT DOESNT. THEYRE 2 DIFFERENT THINGS) KG is a unit of mass (how much stuff there is) Pounds and Newtons are units of FORCE.

Energy Consumption increase 151% in 10 years china 88% india 26% brazil Developing countries have increasing energy consumptions --1/31/2018 Diesel Engines vs. Gasoline Engines - Both are internal combustion engines which forces pistons to move. Basically little explosions and increases in pressure. - In gasoline engines, fuel & air are mixed and ignited using spark plugs. - In diesel engines, air is compressed first. That causes it to reach a high temperature. When fuel is then added, ignition happens spontaneously. - Diesel is more efficient but can be more expensive. - Diesel is also dirtier with more soot and nitrous oxides but emit less CO2 Cooling systems occur when you cause air to expand, that causes cooling. You can increase temperature by increasing pressure. Universal Law of Gravitation F = G((m1*m2)/(r^2)) 1st law of thermodynamics Energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be converted from one form to another 2nd law of thermodynamics The entropy of any isolated system not in thermal equilibrium always increases 2/5/2018 Bring a relevant news story on WEDNESDAY. HARD COPY, PRINT. Write clearly name + Student ID on the front of the sheet, you get credit for relevance and if it is actually not the same as others. Will be 6 unannounced in class quizzes (probably next class or next week) Quizzes are open book, notes, & neighbors, ut know materials. Some questions are quantitative. Power is rate of energy use 1 watt = 1 joule / 1 second Power = Energy / Time Watt is not brightness like lumens, its power (rate of electricity use) how much light comes out depends on what fraction of power comes out of the bulb. How much energy is consumed.

Joule = an energy unit = kg*m2 *s-2 Watt = a power unit = kg*m2 *s-3 1 joule = 1 watt*second Watt is essentially how many joules are used a second. 1 joule is a small amount of energy, can keep a 100 watt bulb lit for 1/100 second 1 kilojoule = 1,000 joules 103 1 megajoule = 1,000,000 joules 106 Giga is billion 109 First Law: Energy cannot be created, but can be converted from one form to another Second Law: When a system converts energy from one form to another, some of the energy inevitably becomes unavailable for performing useful work. - In heat engines, some of the heat from the hot source must be discharged to a sink at a lower temperature. This heat cannot be used to perform work. - Energy loss due to friction is another example of the second law in action. Thick walls exposed to the sun absorb more heat, warm up and store a lot more heat that it can radiate into the house. Have thick walls exposed to sunlight. Create artificial greenhouse effect in homes using windows and blinds for heating. 2nd law implies entropy increases Entropy -> degree of disorder in a system. From early in life most of us have an intuitive grasp of the second law of thermodynamics. We notice that it is easier to break something than to fix it. Its easier to destroy than to create. Heat: Thermal Energy - Moving particles produce heat. Due to the internal motion of atoms. - Heat energy can be produced by friction - Heat energy causes changes in temperature and phase (solid, liquid, gas, plasma) How a power plant works Fossil fuels (chemical energy) is burned to create steam by heating water (kinetic energy), which then spins a turbine directly (mechanical energy) to generate electricity (electromagnetic energy) You need cooling towers or a powerplant will overheat itself. Power plants need to cool down, like how you need to sweat.

Higher altitudes = lower air pressure = lower boiling point. Energy output = energy input (1st law) Useful Energy Output < Energy Input (2nd Law) (Energy is lost) Device Efficiency = Useful energy output / Energy Input Electric Generator 70%-99% Electric motors 50&-90& Wind Turbine 35%-50% Gas/Coal power plant 35%-40% Nuclear power plant 30%-35% Automobile engine 20%-30% Fluorescent lamp 20% Incandescent lamp 5% Fluorescent lamp is gas, incandescent is filament. Fluorescent lights input energy into gas, to increase electrons to a higher energy state, when they distance from nucleus they generate photons. Cause electrons to go where they dont want to be, and when they fall back they create light. Solving energy issues is partially finding new energy, but also creating new efficiencies in the system can increase massive effects. Most energy we deal with is converted solar energy. CH4 + 2O2 = CO2 + 2H2O + Energy Water + CO2 + CH4 are greenhouse vapours. ALL ENERGY SUPPLIES ARE FINITE. But some can last a really long time. E.g. solar, based on sun. But sun will eventually end. Primary and Secondary Energy - Primary Energy : Energy found in nature - Secondary Energy : Energy that is converted by humans into another form - E.g. electric from a power plant Primary Energy Sources also Include - Solar - Biomass - Oil - Natural Gas - Coal - Geothermal

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Tidal NuclearWind Hydropower Wave OTEC (Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion) Osmotic (Taking advantage of salinity differences) SWAC (Sea Water)

Industrial Revolution Essentially an increased scale of production. Less manpower, more technology. Socially, more employment more wealth, more life, more products. However, also worse social effects e.g. Dickens writings. Factories and automation, people were no longer creative and became dull. FINAL EXAM: Tuesday, May 8, 5:30 PM 2/12/2018 FIRST EXAM Webs. February 28 (NOT OPEN NOTE) Quizzes: - Two Planned Before 1st Exam - One will be non-quantitative QUANTITATIVE QUESTIONS: UNDERSTAND HOW TO USE Energy = Power * Time: 1 joule = 1kg*m^2*S^-2 Study units related to energy --Wind turbines Wind Velocity = V(wind) Turbine Blade area = A (how much wind can be used in a zone, a circle. Air Density = ρ Air crossing turbine blades each second: Volume of air = A*V(wind) Mass of Air = M(air)= ρ *A*V(wind) Kinetic Energy = 1/2MV^2 E=½( ρ *A*V(wind))(V(wind))^2

The stronger the wind, it goes up by a factor of 8. If the wind is twice as fast, you get 8x the energy. --Geothermal occurs on west coast because it has new rock, near fault lines. Good geothermal plants there because of fault lines and shifting tectonic plates. 2/14/2018 Change in Energy = Change in Mass * C (Speed of Light)^2 A small amount of change in mass gives out a sizeable increase in energy. 2/19/2018 EXAM ON 28TH!!! Associated Gas - gas found in a reservoir with oil Non-associated gas - gas in a reservoir without oil Coalbed methane - CH4 associated with coal beds Tight as - natural gas that is in tight sandstone (low permeability) Permeability = ease of flow of a fluid in a solid Shale gas - natural gas trapped in shale (bad, travels too slowly) --2/21/2018 Find what topics you arent comfortable about to prepare for wednesday. E.g. peak oil = all finite resources have a maximum presence, it originally goes up as you get better at discovering, extracting, and discover more - but it reaches a point where you can’t discover anymore or get anymore and it decreases. https://blackboard.stonybrook.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-4396755-dt-content-rid-30091108_1/course s/1184-GEO-105-SEC01-46704/Study%20Questions%20exam%231%20%28s18%29.pdf Example questions 2. What type of light is most significant in terms of its absorption by greenhouse gases as it is radiated from Earth toward outer space. (Infrared Radiation)

--Natural gas is in shale rock, but very difficult to get out. You need to horizontal drill and frack. Horizontal Drilling: Allows well to cross many fractures to allow oil and gas to move to the well easier Fracking is where you use hydraulics, pump fluid into the shale under pressure with proppant to keep fractures open, and lubricants. Problem with fracking is if you get water from groundwater rather than reservoir, if the sealant leaks then the chemicals can get into drinking water. Dry vs. Wet Natural Gas depends on Thermal Maturity Thermal Maturity is the extent of heat-driven reactions that after the composition of organic matter Dry gas is more mature, just methane. Wet natural gas is less mature, still has ethan, butane, propane, and pentane that havent been broken down. Wet gas is more expensive to process by distillation to separate parts, but extra components can be sold and wet gas is more preferred. --2/26/2018 SHALE HOLDS GAS, Low permeability. No gushing out, slow trickle. Fluid doesn't flow through shale well. Things we cant access now, we might be able to access in the future. Therefore, its difficult to predict future of natural gas. Also market forces apply, if other sources are cheaper then not worth drilling for gas. BOILING POINTS FOR GAS Methane - (-259) Ethane - (-128) Propane - (-44) Isobutane - 10.9 Butane - 31.1 Isopentane - 82.2 Pentane - 96.9

COAL Is formed in swamps from dead plants in low oxygen environments at the bottom of water, buried, compressed, and heated. Composed of 75% carbon. Less H than oil or gas. --3/5/2018 Geologic Time Scale ERAS Phanerozoic Eon has 3 eras: Cenozoic : 66-0 MA (Million Years) Mesozoic : 252-66 MA Paleozoic” : 541-252 MA --3/19/2018 Positive feedback Negative feedback --3/28/2018 Water is a greenhouse gas often misunderstood. It is the biggest, but is not a cause. Its a symptom and is part of the positive feedback system. INTRODUCES PlaNYC project next week due at end of semester. 1 volt = 1 joule / 1 coulombn --4/2/2018 Ohm’s Law I=V/R I = current, flow, or amp (ampere) V: Voltage or potential difference (volt) R: Resistance (ohm)

4/9/2018 PROJECTS DUE MAY 2, 2018 TOPIC: New york city put together a PlaNYC plan, and we will be talking about one of 9 areas of new yorks energy plan for the future. Will be assigned after exam. Think as perspective of advisor to mayor Write a report that includes a discussion section of about 5 pages of double spaced text with images or diagrams if appropriate explaining how in your opiinon the component of PlaNYC update of April 2011 discussed in your assigned chapter should be implemented, with an emphasis on how it relates to energy Prior to the 5 page discussion include a title with name, student id, and title of chapter After 5 page discussion include a page with 3 references that you consulted in addition to the PLANYC Update of April 2011 --SMART GRID - Have a central power plant that provide bulk of power - Small industrial plant generators for buffer demand - Office buildings that use and can supply energy - Energy storage that stores at off speak and supplies later. Giant energy banks.

Tiny loss in mass = huge loss/gain in energy Solar constant 1366watts/m2 4/16/2018 Canada/Brazil/china/usa major hydropower, more than half of world. BETZ Limit, 3 turbines 0.35-0.45 is most common efficency. Doesnt come close to the 50 something. Cp = Energy produced by wind energy / . ---

If the speed of the wind flowing through an ideal wind turbine is doubled, by what factor is the power produced by the wind turbine increased? INCREASE BY FACTOR OF 8. PAvailable = ½ * p * A * V3 * Cp --4/24/2018 Nuclear energy is super dense 1kg Uranium 235 = 3000 tons coal = 14000 barrels oil ORDER OF STRENGTH (Power -> Weak) Strong Electromagnetic Weak Gravity Problems with nuclear energy: Weapons, Accidents, and waste issues. MASS NUMBER CHANGES ISOTOPE TYLE (Top left) Atomic Number = Element (doesnt change) u235 is most common nuclear fuel You need moderators to slow down neutrons and slow the reaction...