Herbicide symptoms report part 3 PDF

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Summary

12 herbicides were sprayed to trays which were growing barley, ryegrass, canola, and Lucerne separately with two spray time treatments (30 July and 08 July). This study showed selectivity of herbicides in this study. ...

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Herbicide symptoms report (PART 3) Results Treatment 1- stomp® A First 2 weeks- all grew well except ryegrass is depressed. Week3-4- stunting, cupping downward and yellowing were developed on the leaves of broadleaf species. Purple discoloration - phosphorus deficiency- due to limited uptake activity of root. Go on- broadleaf species were eliminated. Barley occupied the majority of the population with few of ryegrass. B Beginning weeks after sprays- canola occupied majority in the population; however yellowing of the leaves were developed on broadleaf species. Then- leaves of broadleaves completely turn yellow was observed on 05.09 and completely eliminated from tray was observed on 25.09. Both ryegrass and barley established well. Treatment 2- fusillade A After spray- ryegrasses and barley don’t germinate at all. Broadleaf species were growing normally Consequent- canola overcomes the Lucerne as it grew taller and larger leaf area. (still able to observe Lucerne from the top view at 15.08) B Grasses were completely dieback within 2weeks of spray. Broadleaf species did affect by the herbicide. Mild level of yellowing and necrosis at the margin of leaves were developed, but overall established well in consequent. Treatment 3- gold boxes From the symptoms developed in both A and B treatment pointing that gold boxes might be the herbicide applied to the tray. (adverse effect meristem& stunting root) A Completely absence of ryegrass was observed until 22.08. Barley emergence was later than Lucerne and canola. Broadleaf plants showed stunting symptoms (purple discoloration) but didn’t cause die. In the result, barley and canola were dominant in the tray. B

Necrosis appeared on the tip and vein of the leaves. Broadleaf plants showed spotting necrosis pattern on leaves; grasses showed dieback from tip of leaves. In consequence, barley, ryegrass and canola were survived from stress and dominant the tray. (Lucerne suppressed by other plants growth).

Treatment 4, 5, 6 A In treatment 4, Lucerne, barley, and ryegrass don’t germinate after sprayed. However, canola plants shown some suffer symptoms like chlorosis and necrosis spot on leaves. Treatment 6 showed no effect caused by the herbicide. Plants on treatment 5 seem like received some stress (yellowing, slower growth) on growth at first few weeks after spray. However, growth resume after few weeks. This indicated that herbicide in treatment 4 does cause adverse effect on germinating grasses and broadleaf plant. Herbicide applied on tray 5 can suppress the germination but herbicide 6 has no effect on germinating plants. B In the end of observation, these 3 trays have not plant survived from the herbicide stress. Plants were completely eliminated. However, time taken to eliminate plant vary between trays. Tray 4 and tray 6 had showed significant necrosis developed over whole plant after few hours of spray. Tray 6 completed elimination within 2days, but tray 4 took a week to complete elimination. Tray 5 showed significant necrosis and yellowing after few days of spray, desiccation took 3 weeks to complete.

According to the desiccation duration, response of seedling germination, post-emerged plants to herbicides, herbicide treatments should be all non-selective herbicides: tray 4- roundup, tray 5basta, and tray 6-tryquat. Roundup does spray to control pre-emergence of weeds in onion cropping in Tasmania. Treatment 7 Plants on both 7A and 7B treatments grew normally and showed no adverse effect at all. Therefore it is the control treatment. Treatment 8 – Gesatop A The symptoms started to appear after 2 weeks of spray. Broadleaf firstly showed stunting and yellowing. The grasses were softened when the broadleaf were nearly desiccated. Necrosis developed at the base part of the grasses and some of them dieback, but some barley and ryegrass survive from the herbicide treatment. B Broadleaf completely desiccated within 2 weeks. They firstly showed necrosis on the margin of the leaves. Injury on grasses firstly appeared as softened body and then damage on elder leaves. Only few barley plants were survived from the treatment.

Treatment 9- Kamba A Observation of treatment A indicated that herbicide has not effect on plants germination as all plants grow normally as plant growth observed in treatment control. B Broadleaf plants completely desiccated within a week after spray. Grasses showed yellowing and stunting features and dieback within 2 weeks after spray. Some ryegrass survived and established well in the following weeks. Treatment 10- goal A Seed germination of broadleaf plants was completely inhibited by spray. Ryegrass and barley established well in the tray. B In the first week, all plants in the treatment were softened. Broadleaf plants showed yellowing and stunting of tissues. Broadleaf plants were completely desiccated within the next two weeks. Ryegrass and barley recovered from the stress and established well in the tray. (ryegrass dormant the population) Treatment 11- Verdict A After spray- ryegrass doesn’t germinate at all. Broadleaf plants were growing normally, and a barley germinated on the tray. The barley was eliminated during treatment. Consequent- canola overcomes the Lucerne as it grew taller and larger leaf area. (still able to observe Lucerne from the top view) B Grasses were completely dieback within 2weeks of spray. Broadleaf species did affect by the herbicide. Mild level of yellowing and necrosis at the margin of leaves were developed, but overall established well in consequent.

Treatment 12 A Observation of treatment A indicated that herbicide has not effect on plants germination as all plants grow normally as plant growth observed in treatment control. B Symptoms like necrosis of leaves on broadleaf plants developed within a day after spray. Ryegrass showed yellowing symptoms while broadleaf plants were completely eliminated

from the tray (week 3 after spray). Ryegrass eliminated in week 4. Barley remained in the tray and grew well. Treatment 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Herbicide Stomp® Fusillade® Gold boxer® Roundup® Basta® Tryquat® Control Gesatop® Kamba® Goal® Verdict® Totril

The treatments decision is based on the information of herbicide in methods and materials. The final result may indicate highly selectivity of herbicide or resistant of species.

Discussion In contrast, this study showed that by using herbicide, control of weeds is achieved by eliminated all competitive weeds by highly selective or non-selective herbicide, such as result in 12B- barley left, result in 4, 5, 6B- nothing left, and 8B- Barley left; by eliminated and delayed the growth of most competitive weeds and crop is able to compete with other weeds such as result in treatment 2 and 11canola dominance the Lucerne (biological feature). Among 4 species, ryegrass and canola have better ability to establish. They tend to occupied larger spatial (leaf area) and moderate plant height and size. Barley can survive from the competition as it can grow taller and keep its apex dominant. Lucerne can’t establish well with these crops. Herbicide does raise well protection on crop production. However, continuous and large rate of herbicide usage will cause herbicide resistant of weeds and cause significant environmental damage. It is not the way to practice sustainable agriculture, and might cost more in long-term. Accumulation of herbicide in soil will cause adverse impact on soil structure indirectly or directly by decreasing earthworm density, extreme change of pH and thus decrease in soil microbial diversity. Therefore, herbicide resistant of weeds is just comparatively easier observe and overcome issue, rather than its long term effect on crop production as it associated with other chemicals use (pesticide, fungicide, fertilizer), degradability of applied herbicides, and large impact subjects (Kristiansen et.al 2006). Therefore, crop protection that over rely on herbicide should be avoided. Currently, integrated weed management can be used to reduce herbicide usage. Integrated weed management is a method to control weeds problem by using combination of physical method, biological method and chemical method. Chemical method represents herbicide and other chemicals spray. Applied herbicide in the right way is important in integrated weed management, such as susceptibility of weeds, weather and soil condition, and weed growth stage (date of spray). Physical method caused destruction on weeds physically such as cultivation and tillage. However, cultivation on the weeds that are able to propagate vegetatively by mean of underground tissues may cause dispersal of weeds. Biological methods are basically utilized competition advantages of one species to the weeds and predator of the weeds to

control weed, such as proper rotation involving crops that can compete with weeds, beneficial cover crops in tree cropping, and fauna that feed on weeds. The efficiency and cost of combined methods have to be estimated in management. (Janick 1986; Smith & Menalled 2006)

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Bayer Crop Science 2013. Basta®. .vie wed 25 September 2013 Bayer Crop Science 2012. Totril®. . Viewed 26 September 2013 Crop care 2011. Stomp®Xtra. < http://www.pestgenie.com.au/label/crop_care/STOMP%20XTRA_13110834.pdf>. Viewed 26 september 2013 Croplife 2010. BASF Introduces Verdict Herbicide.< http://www.croplife.com/article/1691/basf-introduces-verdict-herbicide>. Viewed 25 September 2013 Croplife Australia 2013. Herbicide Mode of Action Groups. Croplife Australia herbicide resistance management review group. 27 June 2013 Dow agroscience 2013. GoalTM herbicide. < http://www.herbiguide.com.au/labels/oxy24_54271-0509.pdf>. Viewed 25 September 2013 Dow 2013. VerdictTM 520. < http://www.agtech.com.au/label/dow/VERDICT_520_14103073.pdf>. Viewed 26 September 2013 Flowable 2009. Gesatop 600 SC.. viewed 25 September 2013 Government of Western Australia 2013. Mode of action group N herbicides. Department of Agriculture and Food. < http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/PC_93533.html? s=1963552304>. 25 September 2013 Herbiguide 2013. Fusilade Forte. < http://www.herbiguide.com.au/Labels/FLU128_58521-0806.PDF>. Viewed 25 September 2013 Janick, J. 1986. Horticultural Science (4TH ed): Weeds. Pg.481-487. W.H Freeman and Company New York.

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Kristiansen,P., Taji, A., & Reganold, J. 2006. Organic agriculture- A global perspective: chp12-environmental impacts of organic farming. Pg.259- 279. CSIRO publishing Nufarm 2011. Kamba® 500. . Viewed 25 September 2013 Nufarm 2011. Roundup Biactive®. http://www.nufarm.com/Assets/21096/1/ROUNDUP_BIACTIVE_HERBICIDE_label.pdf >. Viewed 25 September 2013 Richard G. Smith and Fabián D. Menalled, Integrated strategies for managing agricultural weeds: making cropping systems less susceptible to weed colonization and establishment. Montana State University Extension Syngenta 2013. Herbicide- Fusilade®. < http://www.syngenta.com/global/corporate/en/products-and-innovation/productbrands/crop-protection/herbicides/Pages/fusilade-fusion.aspx>. Viewed 25 September 2013 Syngenta 2013. Gold boxes herbicides. < http://www.syngenta.com/country/au/SiteCollectionDocuments/Labels/111116%20 Boxer%20gold%20label%20-%20WEBSITE.pdf> viewed 25 september.2013 The Texas A&M University System(TAMU) 2013. Herbicide: How They Work and the Symptoms They Cause. Texas Agricultural Extension Service.< http://twig.tamu.edu/B6081.pdf>. Viewed 25 September 2013...