Humanities final exam- study guide PDF

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THIS STUDY GUIDE COMES DIRECTLY FROM WGU MODULES: THE MODULES ARE SHORT, I WOULD RECOMMEND READING THROUGH THEM FIRST, THEN USING THIS GUIDE TO STUDY FOR THE OA. GOOD LUCK!

C100 STUDY GUIDE This document identifies the topic areas that are emphasized on the Humanities Objective Assessment. Use it to guide your notetaking. Module 1: Foundations of Humanities 1. What are the humanities?

Exploring human experience from a cultural, historical, and artistic perspective. Humanities comes from the Latin term “humanitas” 2. Why study the humanities?

It’s important in seeking to understand what humans believe and why; further providing insight into past beliefs and predicting what we may believe in the future. Gives us a greater compassion for people and a greater appreciation for other time periods. 3. What are the major historical periods covered in this course?

Classical, Renaissance, Neoclassical, Romantic, and Realist 4. What is a theme? Give a few examples of themes from each period.

Themes: unifying ideas that are repeated or developed throughout a literary or artistic work Classical = B/RTH P/RD Renaissance = RUSH RoCS Neoclassical = CORDES Romantic = INNER HP Realist = I ID AoD 5. Identify and describe two universal themes: love and the hero.

Love: universal among people, places, cultures, and species; present in each time period throughout history 1) Eros- erotic love 2) Agape- platonic love The Hero: An archetype found in virtually every culture, throughout all societies. Termed a monomyth because the cycle of the hero’s journey is fundamentally the same everywhere. 6. Define the central concepts in the humanities: humanism, myth, beauty, aesthetic experience, and archetype.

THIS STUDY GUIDE COMES DIRECTLY FROM WGU MODULES: THE MODULES ARE SHORT, I WOULD RECOMMEND READING THROUGH THEM FIRST, THEN USING THIS GUIDE TO STUDY FOR THE OA. GOOD LUCK!

Humanism: the study of all the creative and intellectual contributions of all human cultures/ an ethical system that centers on humans and their values w/ an emphasis on reason and the scientific method Myths: traditional stories of a people or culture that serve to explain some natural phenomenon, the origin of humanity, customs, or religious rites. Humans can pass on visions, values, and memories from one generation to another through myths. Beauty: those qualities that give pleasure to the senses. Examples of beauty may be found in nature, a human face, a musical composition, a painting, or a poem. Aesthetic experience: An experience of beauty that inspires a feeling of pleasure. We value the experience intrinsically (naturally) and independent of other things. The feeling itself may be visual (full moon, painting, dance), auditory (a song, the crackle of a fireplace) or literary (written narrative or poem verse) Archetypes: Age-old models by which we comprehend human experience (ex: the hero) Includes- mythical creatures, events, symbols (like the cross), and previous assumptions 7. Identify and describe the disciplines in the humanities.

Music: an artistic form of auditory expression that incorporates instruments or human voices in a structured and continuous manner; AKA “the shaped sound between silences” Religion: An organized system of spiritual beliefs and practices, usually offering a moral code and a world view; often includes- sacred writings/texts, worship practices/ceremonies/rituals, theology to explain God, the reason for existence, and the afterlife Cinema: an artistic medium that utilizes the motion picture as a vehicle for storytelling and other creative expressions; AKA film or movie Visual arts: art forms that entail creation of primarily visual works which can be 2-D or 3-D; includes- painting, illustration, photography, print making, and sculpture Literature: Art form of written word; the foundation of literature = story telling. Includes- poetry, novels, plays, short-stories

THIS STUDY GUIDE COMES DIRECTLY FROM WGU MODULES: THE MODULES ARE SHORT, I WOULD RECOMMEND READING THROUGH THEM FIRST, THEN USING THIS GUIDE TO STUDY FOR THE OA. GOOD LUCK!

Theater: A branch of the performing arts in which actors perform before a live audience. Theater has existed in every culture; often combines- speech, music, gesture, dance Dance: An art form which involves a sequence of rhythmic movements/steps usually performed to music; can be for a ceremony, ritual, or for entertainment Architecture: the science and art of designing buildings and other structures; architecture as an art form is concerned with the aesthetic effect of the structures in their surrounding environment (structural function = the purpose it serves, and form = its visual appearance) Philosophy: the systematic and purposeful investigation of fundamental questions concerning such matters as- existence, reality, truth, knowledge, consciousness, and justice; a combo of critical inquiry & reasoned argument Branches of philosophy include: - Metaphysics: nature of the world and being - Epistemology: study of thinking and knowledge - Ethics: morals - Aesthetics: nature of beauty and art - Logic: nature of reasoning - Philosophy of mind: nature of the mind and its relationship to the body 8. What is art and how does it function?

Functions of art include: 1) Providing aesthetic pleasure 2) Offering political & social commentary 3) Assisting in physical and emotional healing 4) Creating historical artifacts 5) Enabling commerce (that young money) by advertising products and services 9. How is humanism apparent in Eastern cultures?

Both Eastern and Western humanistic traditions emphasized virtue, or the pursuit of excellence through self-cultivation. While the Western humanistic tradition generally focused on pursuing knowledge and truth through rationality, Eastern traditions such as Buddhism emphasized discipline and self-development through specialized physical and meditative practices in order to assist individuals in achieving spiritual enlightenment.

THIS STUDY GUIDE COMES DIRECTLY FROM WGU MODULES: THE MODULES ARE SHORT, I WOULD RECOMMEND READING THROUGH THEM FIRST, THEN USING THIS GUIDE TO STUDY FOR THE OA. GOOD LUCK!

Ancient Chinese culture: reflected Confucianism and Buddhism - Confucianism: philosophy taught by Confucius which stressed moral order and harmony in thought and behavioral conduct - Buddhism: seeking the path of enlightenment through spiritual and physical discipline; originated in India

10. What is consilience and why is it significant in higher education?

Consilience = linking together of principles across different academic subjects, such as science and the humanities (concept from biologist E.O. Wilson from his book consilience: the unity of knowledge) This way of thinking led to popularity of including and learning many different subjects which influenced universities around the world. 11. How can studying the humanities help you in your future career path?

Teachers: Teachers have at their core a desire to know more, to learn more, and to apply what they've learned to the great body of knowledge history unfolds. They desire to do more than add information to the ever-growing information superhighway. Instead, they are committed to the holistic application of wisdom, which inevitably leads to the betterment of culture and kind. IT: Digital Humanities involves research that uses information technology as a central part of its methodology, for creating and/or processing data. Once known as "Humanities Computing," the Digital Humanities world represents the growing reality of the importance of digital resources and tools when encountering the discipline of the Humanities. Today, in so many ways, the power to transform research methodologies can be found in the form of digital technologies, which bring together both Humanities academics and technology specialists. Business: Areas of concentrated study in the College of Business, such as global trade and commerce, and enterprise and entrepreneurialism, while having brought the world together like never before, have also produced massive violations of human rights. An ever-growing need for virtue and character formation applies across cultures and social strata. In the Humanities, the business of art, literature, philosophy, music, drama, film, and photography intersect, creating a meeting place where we see how we are a part of a larger, human community with care and concern for each other. In this sense, the humanist creates a worldwide conversation where many voices from many places share their stories.

THIS STUDY GUIDE COMES DIRECTLY FROM WGU MODULES: THE MODULES ARE SHORT, I WOULD RECOMMEND READING THROUGH THEM FIRST, THEN USING THIS GUIDE TO STUDY FOR THE OA. GOOD LUCK!

Healthcare: In the College of Health Professions, the world of Humanities intersects with vital matters of life and death, empathy, health and human relationships, informed consent, and confidentiality to ask an all-important question, "What is a socially responsible effort?" Social responsibility comes from the belief that people, governments, and organizations have a responsibility to the greater welfare of society. At the intersection of the Humanities and the health professions, however, what each person determines to be socially responsible is often subject to personal ideals and beliefs. An exploration of the various ethical theories is a necessary part of where the Humanities and the health professions intersect and search for truth.

Module 2: The Classical Period 1. Identify, define, and explain the importance of each of the Major Themes of the Classical period. (See page 2.05, particularly the blue tabs on the page.)

B/RTH P/RD B/RTH: balance, reason/truth, humanism P/RD: polytheism, republic/democracy 2. Study each Discipline for the period using the discipline pages in the module (Religion, Philosophy, Poetry, Art, Architecture, Music). Study the Example Works provided on each page. (*note to self- review course content online for these*) Address the following: a. Describe the main characteristics of each Discipline. For example, Classical Religion was polytheistic, based on the belief in many gods. b. How are the Major Themes from page 2.05 reflected in the discipline? For example, Classical Philosophy emphasized using reason as a path to truth and to understanding the world, rather than relying on the actions of the gods. c. What new elements or innovations were introduced in the discipline? (Note: there may not always be an innovation for each discipline.) For example, in the Classical period, the Greeks invented contrapposto in the discipline of art.

THIS STUDY GUIDE COMES DIRECTLY FROM WGU MODULES: THE MODULES ARE SHORT, I WOULD RECOMMEND READING THROUGH THEM FIRST, THEN USING THIS GUIDE TO STUDY FOR THE OA. GOOD LUCK!

d. Explain how the Example Works (philosophical readings, The Republic, poems, plays, sculptures, buildings, Delphic Hymns) reflect the major themes and characteristics of the Classical period. For example, the Parthenon in the Classical period reflects the theme of Balance because it is symmetrical. It also reflects the theme of Polytheism because it is dedicated to the goddess Athena.

Romance Languages- French, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian, and Spanish trace back to Roman Latin Polytheism: belief in multiple Gods; most Greek/Romans during this time were polytheistic

Socrates:  Invented the Socratic Method to solve problems Plato: 3 important components to Plato’s philosophy:  Theories of knowledge  Moral philosophy  Political philosophy  Notorious for: Allegory of the Cove, The Republic Aristotle:  Believed that being a good person requires observable action  “Golden Mean”- the aim of humans is to be good and find happiness Epic- hero’s journey, Lyric- feelings/emotion Double entendre: a word or phrase that can be understood 2 different ways (ex: nails = steel nails or fingernails, chicken= animal/food, coward/scared) Reversal of fortune- ex: poor man turns rich! Discovery- AHA epiphany moment Homer (poetry/writing)  The illiad  The Odyssey: hero’s journey (epic)- themes = love, loyalty, reason, heroism, polytheism Sappho (poetry/writing)  A Lament for Adonis (lyric)- themes: polytheism, love, humanism; represents the power of human emotions such as love, lust, desire THEATER: Sophocles, Aristophanes Sophocles:

THIS STUDY GUIDE COMES DIRECTLY FROM WGU MODULES: THE MODULES ARE SHORT, I WOULD RECOMMEND READING THROUGH THEM FIRST, THEN USING THIS GUIDE TO STUDY FOR THE OA. GOOD LUCK!

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Oedipus Rex; Oedipus attempts to avoid the fate of murdering his father and marrying his mother; discusses a person’s need to know the truth, using foreshadowing and irony  Theban Plays Aristophanes:  Lysistrata: discusses gender relations and the woman’s role in society using comedy and double entendre Greek Art- purpose = to honor the Gods Roman Art = power, military victory, heroism Contrapposto: life-like stance in which the figure’s weight rests on one leg, dip of the shoulder, raised hip Kourous- L foot placed in from of the R foot; Egyptian art commonly featured this stance Lyre: stringed instrument similar to a harp

3. List the Cultural Exchange and Diversity that took place during the Classical period. (See page 2.15).

Greece and Rome’s proximity to the Mediterranean Sea (known as: the incubator of the western civilization) facilitated cultural exchange among civilizations in Southern Europe, Western Asia, the Middle East, and Africa. Greeks borrowed proportions of 3D life-like sculptures from the Egyptians (kouros- Egyptian human figure in which the sculpture stands with the L foot placed in front of the R foot) Greeks borrowed the Phoenician alphabet and imitated Egyptian mythological creatures and artistic motifs in Greek artwork

THIS STUDY GUIDE COMES DIRECTLY FROM WGU MODULES: THE MODULES ARE SHORT, I WOULD RECOMMEND READING THROUGH THEM FIRST, THEN USING THIS GUIDE TO STUDY FOR THE OA. GOOD LUCK!

Silk road: provided access to Asia; valuable Chinese goods and silk was given to the Romans - The silk road also caused the spread of religions such as Buddhism, Manichaeism, and Daoism throughout Europe 4. Explain the ways in which the Classical period is influential in Contemporary Life. (See page 2.16).

Classical influence in the modern U.S. times today is seen in politics, architecture, and in the arts. Greeks: Athens 507 BCE- democracy Romans: Republic (latin- res publica means “public thing”)

Both Greek and Roman political ideals influenced today’s world by giving us: - Representative democracy - The right to vote Greek- PARthenon, Roman- PANtheon structures influenced modern architecture style such as the U.S. Capital and Supreme Court buildings Theater and film: Greek literature “The Odyssey” inspired modern retelling of the story in the American film “O Brother, Where Art Thou?” Module 3: The Renaissance Period 1. Identify, define, and explain the importance of each of the Major Themes of the Renaissance period. (See page 3.05, particularly the blue tabs on the page.)

RUSH RoCS RUSH- Reformation, Universities, Scientific Expansion (Rationalism), Humanism RoCS- Rebirth of Classicism and Self-fashioning 2. Study each Discipline for the period using the discipline pages in the module (Religion, Philosophy, Literature, Theater, Art, Architecture, Music). Study the Example Works provided on the page. (*note to self- review course content online for these*) Address the following: a. Describe the main characteristics of each Discipline. For example, in Renaissance theater, playwrights employed soliloquy and allegory to convey humanistic themes, such as the quest for truth through reason and the tension between good and evil.

THIS STUDY GUIDE COMES DIRECTLY FROM WGU MODULES: THE MODULES ARE SHORT, I WOULD RECOMMEND READING THROUGH THEM FIRST, THEN USING THIS GUIDE TO STUDY FOR THE OA. GOOD LUCK!

b. How are the Major Themes from page 3.05 reflected in the discipline? For example, Renaissance philosophy reflects the theme of Humanism, as scholars promoted the pursuit of human perfection in all endeavors, whether they be in science, religion, art, politics, or behavior. c. What new elements or innovations were introduced in the discipline? (Note: there may not always be an innovation for each discipline.) For example, Renaissance painters developed linear perspective and chiaroscuro to create the realistic illusion of depth on a flat surface. d. Explain how the Example Works (religious texts, philosophical texts, literature, plays, art pieces, buildings, madrigals) reflect the major themes and characteristics of the Renaissance period. For example, the sculpture David by Michelangelo reflects the theme of the Rebirth of Classicism because of its Classical elements (such as heroic nudity and contrapposto) and the theme of Humanism because it focuses on human beauty.

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Religion- (theme: reformation) Desiderius Erasmus: believed in reforming the church and clergy from within while keeping the same practices and teachings; best known for Praise of Folly- a satirical essay criticizing corruption and abuse of catholic leaders Martin Luther: led protestant reformation due to belief of malpractice and systemic corruption of the Catholic church (idea of papal infallibility); 95 theses were posted on church door Philosophy- (theme: classical humanism) Huge importance of educating the whole person through scholarly achievement, moral development, and athletic development Encouraged individuals to take action in the world: “the whole glory of man lies in activity” Niccolo Machiavelli: italian philosopher who believed in non-religious politics; “the ends justify the means” in governance and statecraft; “The Prince” Emphasis on a person’s (humanism) responsibility in politics and public duty; viewed as an obligation

Literature- (theme: humanism, self-fashioning) Emphasis on an individual’s psychological complexity & social and moral structures of society

THIS STUDY GUIDE COMES DIRECTLY FROM WGU MODULES: THE MODULES ARE SHORT, I WOULD RECOMMEND READING THROUGH THEM FIRST, THEN USING THIS GUIDE TO STUDY FOR THE OA. GOOD LUCK!

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Machiavelli: “The Prince”- the dark side political treatise which encouraged abandonment of power and authority Castiglione: “The Courtier”- explores the process of fashioning one’s individual sense of self according to socially acceptable standards Shakespeare: wrote 38 plays, 154 sonnets; examined depth of human emotions (loyalty, ambition, love/hate, greed, self-sacrifice); during a play, “female” characters were played by young boys/teens Art/ Architecture- (classical humanism) Merging of art and science: math/linear perspective in panting to show dimension (light/shadows) to convey distance/depth Widespread use of oil paintings Leonardo Da Vinci: Mona Lisa, Vitruvian man, the Last Supper Michelangelo: statue of David, ceiling of the Sistine Chapel Durer: realistic paintings (prayer hands, rabbit) Raphael (15-16th cent.) Italian painter/architect: School of Athens fresco (painting)

Theater: - Shakespeare: “Hamlet”- uses soliloquy; themes= mirroring, cycle of violence, suicide, humanism, truth - Marlowe: “Doctor Faustus” – uses allegory; themes = quest for knowledge, sin, protestant influence 1) Dialect- language particular to a specific region or social class 2) Blank verse- poetry that does NOT rhyme 3) Prose- common, non-poetic speech 4) Soliloquy- a character speaks to themselves; portrays their thoughts 5) Allegory- concept, theme, or idea manifested physically Secular = non-religious Music: - increased mathematical approach (pythagorean approach) to music theory and harmony - Madrigal- polyphonic vocal work set to music which ascends or descends depending on the literal textual meaning Ex: Thomas Weelkes- “As Vesta was Descending” Co...