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Canlapan, Andrei Dominic H. Comon, Jerald M. David, Laurence Benedict G. Gonzales, Tristan Louis P. Yalung, Alaissa Nina G. EEPROJT1 / EE-401 / W / 3:40P-4:40P

Thesis title: PROPOSED STREET LIGHTING DESIGN AT THE BOUNDARY ROAD OF BARANGAY MINING, ANGELES CITY WITH A SMALL HYBRID POWER SYSTEM USING COUNTER-ROTATING WIND TURBINE AND SINGLE AXIS SOLAR TRACKING PANEL

Summary The researchers designed a wind a solar hybrid power system street light that would be imposed at Barangay Mining, Angeles City. In designing this small hybrid power system could be a solution towards the scarcity of non-renewable energy (coal, oil, petroleum, etc.), for the design consists of renewable energy source (wind and sunlight). The hybrid power system that the researchers designed consists of a single axis tracking panel that will convert the solar energy into electricity. It will be converted as the sunlight shines on the surface of a solar cell (which is mostly made in form of silicon) then electricity will be generated. Also, the development of the sun tracking system improves the harnessing power of the solar panel. And rather than laying the solar panels flat on the surface, according to David Appleyard (associate editor of Renewable Energy World), it is much better to set the PV modules in an ideal angle which it will face the sun. Another part of the hybrid power system is the power generation from wind, which is also a renewable source. Most wind turbines use a single rotor system, but it can only convert a small fraction of wind energy into electrical energy because the tangential airflow will be wasted. But putting a second rotor behind the first rotor can increase the output because the tandem of two rotor motors can harness the wasted wind and can convert it too. The combination of a counter rotating wind turbine and a photovoltaic solar system with a solar tracker can maximize the efficiency of converting renewable energy. The main road at Barangay Mining, Angeles City that leads to Barangay Mining, Angeles City, accidents usually happen according to the Barangay Captain Benjamin Patawaran of Barangay Mining, Angeles City. The road consists of two lane of opposite direction and has sharp curves that can lead to accidents, especially during night time. By proposing a street light design at the main road of Barangay Mining, Angeles City can help to lessen the accidents. The study shows how a single axis solar tracking panels will work together with the counter-rotating wind turbines. The total load calculation of the design of street lighting of the road was computed and considered in this study, while the prototype was designed for presentation purposes to discuss more about the small hybrid power system. The specification of the solar panels and turbine was indicated in the study, but the mechanical part was not deeply

explained. The computation of the spacing and illumination of the streetlights and was not included in the study. The sources of data were from PELCO III, CIAC PAGASA, Angeles Electric Corporation, barangay captain of Barangay Mining, Angeles City and also the residents near the area. The apparatus that will help further about the study were thermal anemometer (in order to get the air speed) and Campbell-Stokes sunshine recorder (to measure the intensity of the sun). The design of the study engaged a conceptual method of research and considered the intensity of the wind and light energy source, because getting an efficient source is needed to have a successful hybrid power system. In order to start the study, the researchers went to the designated area and observed the problem of the road for them in order to study if implementing the small hybrid power system would be needed and will work at the site. After visiting the designated area, the researchers gathered information from various government agencies then after getting the records of the data the road located at Barangay Mining, Angeles City was a potential target area for the implementation of the small hybrid power system. The area is a good location for installing solar panels because it was an open space and due to the strong wind condition, it was also good for installing a wind turbine. The study shows that the hybrid power system can supply 48 Watts of 10 LED lights. All based with the data gathered from different sources focusing on the prospective area, the researchers came up with a design shown in Figure B. The researchers modified the wind turbine, in this case, mounting two turbines back to back, thus potentially increasing wind power efficiency. The solar panel mounted also has a solar tracker, increasing the solar power yield (Allows the light to perpendicularly strike the solar panel). A distribution design in the prospective area is also presented. The researchers have observed the following prior to their visit in the area. First, 10 communication poles (not intended for street lights) exist in the area. Second, the road has a sudden curve that is especially dangerous at night. Third, the road is far from the residents and is surrounded by farms. They’ve concluded that a design that is higher than the communication poles would suffice the possible obstructions in operating their proposed system. Computations were done after verifying the maximum and minimum wind speeds for the effective operations of the wind turbines, temperature measurements and testing for the effectiveness of the solar tracker. The area was surveyed between 6pm to 9pm and it was verified that the area was indeed dark during these time periods. Load computations were done. For the load, 5780 Wh per day is need which is due to 10 Led lamps each rated at 48 W operating between 6pm to 6am (12 hours max) plus an additional 20 Wh per day for the solar energy consumption. The daily electrical output of one solar module was based on Simon Roberts “Solar Electricity”. Here, daily insolation was considered to estimate the solar module output with which, 12 V is chosen. The researchers were able to design a system with 2 solar panel modules each with 140W rating.

For the wind turbine output, converting the kinetic energy from wind in to rotational kinetic energy is considered. For the kinetic energy, air molecules’ mass and wind velocity are considered. Then, the amount of mass that hits the turbines per second is calculated by considering air density, wind velocity, and the area of the surface hit. This mass /sec calculated is then introduced to the kinetic energy formula to calculate the power. For the average power, the overall efficiency of the wind turbine system and Cp (rotor efficiency) were considered. Furling speed was also considered which is the speed needed to produce the maximum power. The proposed design was deemed to have higher initial cost than the conventional grid system which is all due to the introduction of the solar tracker and the counter-rotating wind turbines but promises low running cost and maintenance and an almost lifetime guarantee of power generation. This design was compared to the conventional design of a streetlight and with that of the usual hybrid system. The conventional one was seen to have the lowest initial cost while the usual hybrid system to have the highest. The reason that the researchers’ design to cost lesser than the usual hybrid system was due to the improvement in the design which also improved its efficiency. The design was projected to be reproduced, and in 5 years’ time, it can reduce the operating costs, greenhouse gases and particulate matter emitted to the environment due to the conventional means of energy production. This also tells us that in this span of time, the system cost would manage to supply energy without paying the electric utility which is all due to the system’s life span and low maintenance cost. For future studies, the researchers recommend implementing such system to supply a normal household load demand in rural or remote areas not connected to the grid system. They also recommend future researchers to consider the dry and wet seasons in applying their proposed system at other places at Angeles City.

COMMENTS     

The researchers of the study did a great job about having another rotor behind the first rotor because it increased the output and exceed the output of a single rotor system. The proposed design caters what is required, and suits the chosen place of prospect, as it is an open space exposed to wind and the sun. The study can also help the municipality of Barangay Mining, Angeles City by preventing further accidents with the help of the hybrid system street lights. The study will not just help the municipality but also can cut the need for non-renewable resources by using the renewable resources in good use. The initial costing part is ambiguous. The inclusion of an extra wind turbine and a solar tracker in their proposed system should’ve caused their initial cost to be higher compared to that of the traditional hybrid system.

Canlapan, Andrei Dominic H.

Comon, Jerald M. David, Laurence Benedict G. Gonzales, Tristan Louis P. Yalung, Alaissa Nina G. EEPROJT1 / EE-401 / W / 3:40P-4:40P

Thesis title: AUTOMATIC SHUTDOWN OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEM USING MICROCONTROLLER-BASED REAL-TIME EARTHQUAKE DETECTOR WITH ALERT NOTIFICATION MODULE

Summary Earthquakes are one of the major natural disasters that occur in the Philippines. Our country lies along the pacific ring of fire, which causes it to have frequent volcanic and seismic activity. Because of this, the researchers thought of a counter measure that can prevent further destruction of properties by terminating all supply to electrical loads at the instance of an earthquake. The targeted location of their study is the Sacred Heart building of Holy Angel University in Angeles City. Based from their several gathered data, Angeles City soil is mostly composed of soil which makes it vulnerable to liquefaction. Liquefaction happens when a soil loses its strength and stiffness due to the shaking of the ground. Additionally, the city is categorized to be within Degree VIII of the Modified Mercalli Scale, which means that it is prone to earthquakes with severe shaking of the ground. With this information, the researchers used earthquake sensors like the accelerometer to sense 6.0 or higher magnitude earthquakes. Other electrical equipment is also used for their prototype. There had been several earthquake related incidents happened in Angeles City, Pampanga. Earthquakes are a natural calamity that is hard to predict and can cause devastating effects on industries and households. They pointed out that disaster preventive systems have been applied and that recent studies helped develop disaster surveillance systems such as ADRS (active disaster response system). ADRS gives info about the occurring disaster which is received by a device which in turn commands the controllers to do task includes opening of windows, cutting off power lines etc. The said system however is just a prototype and that it still has a lot of problems that should be fixed such as connection problems depending on the country that this system will be implemented and that it is prone to system errors. Another thing is that if the said system is transferred to another building, the whole system should be reconfigured and that may prove time and resource consuming. These types of disaster response come with early warning systems that is widely used throughout the globe. Waves caused by earthquake gives certain frequencies that when detected, the system does tasks such as alerting the people via SMS. In this way, it will be easier to reach out to the people that will be affected. Sensors are also an integral part of this system. For this type of

project, they designed a specific type of sensor that focuses and a horizontal axis direction and also give info about the direction of the seismic wave. This system has a 40% success rate. They pointed out that the reason why the success rate is low is because the other earthquakes are too small to be measured and detected. Another reason why is because the sensors can only sense two-dimensional axis. The use of automatic safety measures is a good asset to the safety of any structure and the people. Buildings nowadays have their own automatic safety measures. Absence of these systems in times of disasters or calamities can be proven fatal and can cause millions of damage to properties. Alarms and generators are used in such emergencies. But there are also disadvantages in using these such as alarms rely on the main power supply and that generators require manual actions. Both factors are serious disadvantages. SH building lack real-time protection and it only is automated during power outages. Its absence of reliable automation system can provide a number of problems that can be proven serious if no action is to be made. The objective of this study is to create a real-time earthquake protection system for SH building. The scope of this study was segmented into three categories: earthquake detection, automatic shutdown of SH building’s electrical system and alert notification. This study’s earthquake detection required a specific type of accelerometer and utilizes the principle of Micro-Electro-Mechanical systems. The automatic shutdown on the other hand uses a special algorithm using Arduino. The researchers set the limits for their research, like they were mainly concerned with the protection of the electrical systems and the people in the building. The protection of the building itself was beyond the limits of the study. Then they understood the problems to find solutions as stated in the objectives. They analyzed literatures and related studies. They also did a technology analysis, they compared two sensors or devices and identified some factors to which they could be compared to show which was better. The devices they compared were the seismometer and accelerometer. They also studied about the two different types of accelerometer, the capacitive and piezoelectric accelerometer. They explained how these devices work, the materials used to build these devices, and how these devices were built. Then they made a flowchart of the process to properly analyze the manner...