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Quiz 3 1. Which of the following statements best describes features on Earth? a. There has always been at least one polar ice cap. b. There have always been tropical rain forests. c. The Atlantic Ocean was formed a billion years ago. d. All of the Ear e. th’s features are constantly changing. f. The solid surface of the Earth is one feature that never changes. 2. Which of the following is cycled through time? a. coal b. water c. calcium d. sand e. all of the above 3. The first rocks that formed on Earth were a. sedimentary b. igneous c. metamorphic d. limestone e. granite 4. Which of the following are sedimentary rocks? a. shale and limestone b. quartz and marble c. sandstone and basalt d. quartzite and salt e. slate and marble 5. Before the theory of plate tectonics, geologists had a hard time explaining the presence of in the Himalayas a. high mountains b. magma c. magnetic minerals d. marine fossils 6. The ‘raisin’ theory implied that the Earth’s features formed through the process of a. continental drift b. cooling and contracting c. magma upwelling d. seafloor spreading 7. What data did Wegener use to prove that South America and Africa had once been joined together? a. fossils

b. magma c. magnetic stripes d. seafloor topography 8. Although Wegener proposed his continental drift theory in 1915, it was not widely accepted until the 1960s. Why not? a. Continental drift still did not explain the presence of marine fossils in the Himalayas b. Wegener had looked only at South America and Africa c. Wegener had not proposed a driving force for the movement of the continents. d. Wegener’s book was not read outside of Germany 9. Who proposed the theory of seafloor spreading based on maps of the ocean floor? a. Charles Darwin b. Alfred Wegener c. Harry Hess d. Pliny the Elder 10. Why was the mapping of the ocean floor such an important step in the development of plate tectonic theory? a. Most plate boundaries are under the ocean. b. Nobody had known how deep the oceans were. c. The features mapped on the ocean floor disproved continental drift. d. The ocean floor had tracks from the continents “plowing through” to their present positions. 11. How are magnetic minerals in magma affected by the earth’s magnetic field? a. They align themselves to the earth’s magnetic field at the time the magma cools. b. They are unaffected by the earth’s magnetic field. c. They change orientation randomly. d. They orient themselves along the subduction zone. 12. What features on the ocean floor caused Hess to suggest the presence of subduction zones? a. deep trenches b. flat plains c. magnetic stripes d. mid-ocean ridges 13. The Pacific coastline of North America is found a. at the middle of a continental plate b. where two tectonic plates move parallel c. along divergent plate boundaries d. near a subduction zone e. associated with a hot spot 14. The North American Plate a. extends from coast to coast in the United States and Canada and is completely covered by land b. extends from the middle of the Atlantic Ocean to the edge of the Pacific Plate c. contains the eastern half of North America and parts of western Europe d. has only subducting boundaries

e. contains only the western half of North and South America 15. When did the Pangaean supercontinent begin to break up? a. 1867 b. 200 million years ago c. billions of years ago d. in the 1950s 16. Why are mid-ocean ridges higher than the surrounding seafloor? a. Magma is upwelling b. Ridges are made up of chains of volcanoes like the Andes c. The crust is contracting and wrinkling at the edges d. The plates are moving toward each other, pushing up mountains. 17. Vine and Matthews are considered to have discovered the final proof for seafloor spreading. What were they able to show based on magnetic bands? a. Mid-ocean ridges and subduction zones are plate boundaries b. New crust is being generated at mid-ocean ridges c. Seafloor rocks contain magnetite d. the Earth’s magnetic field had reversed in the past. 18. How fast do plates move? a. 1 – 10 km per year b. 1 – 10 mm per year c. 10 – 100 mm per year d. too slowly to measure 19. Plate tectonic theory fundamentally altered how geologists view the Earth. The biggest difference in the new theory was that the Earth a. has a magnetic field that fluctuates b. has numerous features on the ocean floor c. is dynamic, constantly changing d. is shrinking, like a raisin. 20. What is the force that moves continents and tectonic plates? a. convection cells b. mantle convection c. radioactive decay d. heat energy left from the great bombardment e. all of the above 21. Most earthquakes are located a. along plate boundaries b. in the ocean c. on the continental crust d. on the oceanic crust 22. Which of the following volcanoes is NOT located along a subduction zone? a. Mt. Fuji

b. Mt. St. Helens c. Pinatubo d. the Hawaiian Islands 23. Which of the three main boundary types is least common? a. all are equally common b. convergent c. divergent d. transform 24. Why are we able to measure past plate motion using hot spots? a. Hot spots are stationary while plates move b. Hot spots are unaffected by gravity, which drives plate motion c. Hot spots only erupt every 1000 years d. Hot spots only erupt when a plate moves 25. The driving forces behind plate tectonics, a subject which plagued Wegener, continues to be a matter of debate today. Which of the following is NOT a possible cause of plate motion? a. convection b. earthquake activity c. gravity d. marine upwelling 26. The Himalayas occur along a convergent boundary where a. continental crust meets continental crust b. continental crust meets oceanic crust c. oceanic crust meets oceanic crust d. transform motion occurs 27. Most mountains have not eroded to a flat plain in the last 500,000 years because a. under a thin veneer of soil, a mountain is solid rock b. new mountains constantly emerge through rifts in the crustal material of oceans and continents c. ozone depletion has decreased the rate of erosion d. the mantle has a constant supply of granitic material e. mountains are reformed by tectonic uplift that is greater than or equal to the erosion forces 28. Where is the longest mountain range on Earth? a. Mid-Atlantic Ocean Ridge b. Andes Mountains in South America c. Himalayas in India d. Rocky Mountains in North America e. Urals in Russia 29. When oceanic crust meets oceanic crust along a convergent boundary, which plate is most likely to be subducted? a. the plate with an island arc

b. the plate with the biggest continent c. the plate with the oldest crust d. the plate with the youngest crust 30. The San Andreas Fault in California is an example of what kind of boundary? a. convergent b. divergent c. plate boundary zone d. transform 31. Why did the distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes help confirm plate tectonic theory? a. Both earthquakes and volcanoes were distributed randomly b. Earthquakes and volcanoes were different along different types of boundaries c. Earthquakes and volcanoes were the same along all of the plate boundaries d. Neither earthquakes nor volcanoes had been studied much before plate tectonics. 32. What causes the Ring of Fire, which borders much of the Pacific Ocean? a. plate subduction b. divergent plates c. sea floor spreading d. tranfsorm plates e. all of the above 33. The is an example of a divergent boundary. a. Alpine Fault b. Andean margin c. Himalayan Range d. Mid-Atlantic Ridge 34. Continental crust is a. less buoyant b. more explosive c. thicker and less dense d. thinner and denser

than oceanic crust.

35. The Moho is the boundary between a. the lithosphere and the aesthenosphere b. the inner core and the outer core c. the crust and the mantle d. the mantle and the core 36. Earthquakes are useful for studying the Earth’s interior because a. each earthquake produces an array of seismic waves b. earthquakes are extremely destructive c. they happen below the surface of the Earth d. they release stress that has been stored

37. Although we don’t have any samples of the core, most scientists agree that the main constituent of the core is a. basalt b. granite c. iron d. peridotite 38. Continental crust is a. thicker and less dense b. thinner and denser

than oceanic crust.

39. When seismic waves cross a boundary into a different material, they might a. reflect b. refract c. stop d. change velocity e. all of the above 40. What does the S-wave shadow zone indicate about the interior of the Earth? a. The core is made of iron b. The mantle is denser than the crust c. The mantle is liquid d. The outer core is liquid. 41. How do we know that the Earth is not the same composition all the way through? a. Seismic waves do not arrive uniformly all over the Earth. b. There are two types of seismic waves, S- and P- waves. c. Where the mantle is exposed, it looks very different. d. Seismic waves attenuate with distance. 42. The lithosphere and aesthenosphere are defined on the basis of a. differences in composition b. differences in mechanical properties. True and False Questions: 43. The Earth’s magnetic field is constant.f 44. Earthquakes along divergent boundaries occur only at shallow depths of 0 – 33km below the Earth’s surface. T 45. Both S-waves and P-waves can travel easily through liquids. f 46. Tectonic plates consist of the lithosphere, or the crust and the uppermost mantle. T 47. Mountains on Earth are continuously being formed T 48. The Grand Canyon is an example of what happens when two tectonic plates scrape past each other. F 49. The ocean floor is a flat plain collecting sediments from the continents. f 50. The speed of a seismic wave depends partly on the type of seismic wave that is moving.t

Quiz 3.2 The Atmosphere and Hydrology 1. Which of the following is NOT a major component of the atmosphere? a. Nitrogen b. Oxygen c. Ozone d. Argon 2. Carbon dioxide and water vapour are both a. highly variable b. greenhouse gases c. major components d. minor components

, acting to warm the atmosphere.

3. Why does atmospheric temperature increase with altitude in the stratosphere? a. Because it is closer to the sun. b. Because it is less dense than the troposphere. c. Because it is under a lot of pressure. d. Because of the presence of the ozone layer. 4. Which of the following have been used to collect atmospheric measurements? a. Kites b. Balloons c. Airplanes d. Rockets e. all of the above 5. In the troposphere, temperature a. decreases b. increases c. stays the same d. changes randomly

with altitude.

6. The outermost layer of the atmosphere is called the a. troposphere b. stratosphere c. thermosphere d. mesosphere 7. The top of Mount Everest is within the a. troposphere b. stratosphere c. thermosphere d. mesophere

.

8. Pressure decreases rapidly with altitude because the air becomes a. colder

_

b. less dense c. warmer d. rich in ozone 9. Why does the atmosphere help sustain and protect life on the earth’s surface? a. Because the ozone layer shields us from harmful UV radiation. b. Because greenhouse gases warm the air near the surface by 30 degrees C. c. Because oxygen is a major component of the atmosphere. d. All of the above. 10. What drives global atmospheric circulation? a. ocean circulation b. radioactive decay of nuclear particles c. energy of the Sun d. convection cells within the mantle e. tides 11. Which is true of an Earth that stops rotating? a. The jet stream would bring southeast North America its weather. b. The Gulf Stream would move faster. c. The prevailing winds in the northern hemisphere would blow from the north. d. Sailors would use the trade winds to sail east. e. all of the above. 12. What is most likely to be associated with the northern hemisphere jet stream? a. hurricanes b. tornadoes c. westerlies d. trade winds e. all of the above 13. El Nino a. couples the atmospheric and the ocean cycles b. brings the South American coast a winter snowstorm c. enhances the fishing economy of Peru d. causes flooding in Australia e. all of the above. 14. Which of the following determines the climate of a region? a. industrial pollution b. presence of cows c. land formations d. phase of the moon e. all of the above 15. Weather is defined as the state of the atmosphere’s a. temperature

b. humidity c. pressure d. cloudiness e. all of the above 16. Trade winds south of the equator blow in a a. northerly b. southerly c. easterly d. westerly e. disorganized

direction.

17. Trade winds north of the equator blow in a a. northerly b. southerly c. easterly d. westerly e. disorganized

direction.

18. The jet stream a. is a stream o fair flowing westerly along the equator b. is a stream of air marking the boundary between the northern polar cold air mass and the warmer air of the temperate zone c. is a stream of air marking the boundary between the temperate air of the northern hemisphere and the warm humid air above the equator d. is a stream of air flowing easterly along the equator e. is a stream of air circling the south pole. 19. A hurricane that begins in the North Pacific is called a(n) a. tropical storm b. cyclone c. typhoon d. tornado e. monsoon 20. Approximately 96% of glaciers occur in a. Antarctica and Greenland b. Canada and Greenland c. Russia and Siberia d. Canada and the North Polar region e. Antarctica and New Zealand 21. Milutin Milankovitch first proposed a theory to explain a. the nature of beach erosion b. the interdependence of Earth cycles c. the age of the earth in billions of years GED5300 Science of Everyday Life Rudi Aksim©Algonquin College 2003 3

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Questions for Quiz 3.2 The Atmosphere and Hydrology d. the role of the jet stream in controlling the weather of the northern hemisphere e. the cyclic occurrence of ice ages on the Earth. 22. An airplane flying at about 6 km (20,000 feet) is above how much of the earth’s atmosphere? a. 99 percent b. 90 percent c. 75 percent d. 50 percent 23. The earth’s atmosphere is mostly composed of a. oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapour b. nitrogen, oxygen and argon c. oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen d. oxygen, nitrogen and water vapour 24. Your ear makes a “pop” sound as you descend in an elevator because a. air is moving from the atmosphere into your eardrum b. air is moving from your eardrum to the atmosphere c. air is not moving in or out of your eardrum d. none of the above. 25. Of the total amount of solar radiation reaching the outermost part of the Earth’s atmosphere, how much reaches the surface? a. all of it. b. about 99 percent c. about 75 percent d. about half 26. Air moving down a mountain slope is often warm because a. it has been closer to the sun b. cool air is more dense and settles to lower elevations c. it is compressed as it moves to lower elevations d. this only occurs during the summertime. 27. Considering the overall Earth’s atmosphere, you would expect more rainfall to occur in a zone of a. high atmospheric pressure b. low atmospheric pressure c. prevailing westerly winds d. prevailing trade winds. 28. Without adding or removing any water vapour, a sample of air experiencing an increase in temperature will have a. a higher relative humidity b. a lower relative humidity GED5300 Science of Everyday Life Rudi Aksim©Algonquin College 2003 4

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Questions for Quiz 3.2 The Atmosphere and Hydrology c. the same relative humidity d. a changed absolute humidity 29. Cooling a sample of air results in a(n) a. increased capacity to hold water vapour b. decreased capacity to hold water vapour c. unchanged capacity to hold water vapour 30. The average temperature of a location is made more even by the influence of a. a large body of water b. elevation c. nearby mountains d. dry air 31. The climate of a specific location is determined by a. its latitude b. how much sunlight it receives c. its altitude and nearby mountains and bodies of water d. all of the above 32. The warm oceanic current that flows northward along the east coast of North America is the a. North Equatorial current b. Gulf Stream c. South Equatorial current d. North Atlantic current e. Labrador current 33. The average length of time that any given atom will stay in ocean water before it is removed by some chemical reaction is called the a. residence time b. dissolution time c. mean chemical cycle time d. concentration time e. precipitation time 34. The amount of water on the earth is a. always the same b. constantly changing c. steadily decreasing d. steadily increasing 35. Which of the following is the largest reservoir within the hydrologic cycle? a. groundwater b. ice sheets c. the atmosphere GED5300 Science of Everyday Life Rudi Aksim©Algonquin College 2003 5

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d. the oceans 36. The amount of precipitation that soaks into the soil depends on a. how long the rain lasts b. whether or not there are plants around c. whether the soil is wet or dry d. all of the above 37. How does global warming affect the hydrologic cycle? a. it causes random variations in the cycle b. it causes the cycle to accelerate c. it causes the cycle to decelerate d. it doesn’t affect the cycle at all. 38. Where is most of the earth’s fresh water stored? a. groundwater b. polar ice sheets c. rivers and lakes d. oceans 39. Precipitation that falls near the equator is most likely to a. fall as rain into the ocean b. fall as rain onto land c. fall as snow into the ocean d. fall as snow onto a glacier 40. The process by which water is taken up by plants and released into the atmosphere is called a. condensation b. evaporation c. precipitation d. transpiration 41. Which of the following contains the greatest amount of water by volume on Earth? a. oceans and groundwater b. oceans, glaciers, and ice caps c. oceans, lakes and rivers d. atmosphere and oceans e. oceans, lakes, rivers, and the atmosphere 42. Residence time is a. the average time an atom remains in a system such as the ocean or the human body b. the same as a Milankovitch cycle c. the amount of time a tropical storm can remain on land before dying out d. the average lenth of time a glacier stays in one place before it begins to move e. the time it takes for one liter of water to move one horizontal mile in an aquifer

43. Glacial periods are caused by a. changes in the tilt of the Earth’s axis b. changes in the shape of the Earth c. decreased precipitation and solar energy absorption d. presence of large bodies of water e. All of the above can cause glacial expansion 44. There is about half a million dollars of gold in every cubic kilometer of ocean. Why is it not mined? a. Mining gold would pollute the oceans b. The global market for gold has diminished c. The mining technology is not economical d. International law of the sea prohibits mining e. all of the above. 45. Some estimate that the amount of the world’s fresh water that is stored as groundwater may be close to a. 98% b. 57% c. 10% d. 1% e. .01% 46. The surface currents of the ocean a. carry warm water to the poles b. carry cold water to the equator c. can move water away from a coastline d. are independent of tides e. all of the above 47. What is one impact of gyres on coastal climates? a. England is colder than otherwise expected b. England is warmer than otherwise expected c. The Pacific Ocean near California is warmer than the Atlantic Ocean near Maryland d. Japan’s ocean waters are colder than the latitude indicates e. Fresh water near the Arctic sinks and moves toward the equator. 48. The name Milankovitch is associated with a. Global Climate Models (GCMs) b. research on greenhouse climate changes c. a theory that the Earth’s climate is affected by its orbit d. researcdh on plate tectonics e. b & c 49. The ocean is maintaining a constant salinity because a. the fresh water from the rivers equals the amount of water evaporated from the oceans b. chlorine and sodium will not form a salt compound at normal ocean temperatures

c. glaciers are melting and adding fresh water to the system d. chemical reactions in the oceans combine elements into compounds that are stored in the biota or ocean sediment...