Immunology Final Exam Review Questions PDF

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This is a complete study guide for the final comprehensive exam. ...

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1|Page Exam 1 material 1. What is an antigen? 1. Bone marrow 2. Substance that can be recognized by an antibody; any macromolecule 3. Antigens that illicit an immune response 4. Antibody b. What is an antibody? 1. Immune protein which recognizes antigens 2. Very small antigen that does not trigger an immune response alone 3. Part of antigen 4. Any macromolecule b. What is an epitope? 1. Antigens that illicit an immune response 2. Substance that can be recognized by an antibody 3. Antibody 4. Part of antigen recognized by antibody; also known as antigenic determinant b. What is an immunogen? 1. Substance that can be recognized by an antibody 2. Very small antigen that does not trigger an immune response 3. Antigens that illicit an immune response 4. Part of antigen that is recognized by antibody b. What is hapten? 1. Very small antigen that does not trigger an immune response alone 2. Substance that can be recognized by an antibody 3. Immune protein which recognizes antigens 4. Thymus b. Can all antigens be an immunogen?

7. ‘What are the primary fixed elements of the immune system?

8.

What are the secondary fixed elements of the immune system?

9. What are the mobile elements of the immune system?

10. Describe the specificity of the innate immune system.

2|Page 11. Describe the specificity of the adaptive immune system.

12. How diverse is the innate immune system? a. Very little;directly encoded in DNA b. massive ; created by recombination c. Meh just a little 12. How diverse is the adaptive immune system? a. Very little;directly encoded in DNA b. Massive ; created by recombination c. Meh, just a little 12. Which immune system has memory? a. Adaptive b. Innate c. Primary elements d. Secondary elements 12. Which immune system is faster? Describe the speed.

16. What are the cellular components of the innate system?

17. What are the cellular components of the adaptive system?

18. What are the humoral components of the innate system?

19. What are the humoral components of the adaptive system?

20. What are the cells of the innate system and what is their lineage?

3|Page 21. What are the cells of the adaptive system and what is their lineage?

22. Describe neutrophils

23. Describe monocytes.

24. Describe mast cells, basophils and eosinophils.

25. Describe dendritic cells

26. How do innate and adaptive immune systems work together?

27. What are the two parts the adaptive system? a. Primary and Secondary elements b. Humoral and Cellular c. Salt and Pepper d. Bone marrow and thymus 27. List all the characteristics of the Humoral Adaptive Immune System.

29. List all the characteristics of the Cellular Adaptive immune system.

30. Describe clonal selection.

4|Page 31. What is the adaptive immunity function mainly concerned with? a. Everyone’s business b. Cells of lymphoid origin except of NK cells c. Its weight 31. Where do T lymphocytes mature? a. Bone marrow b. Spleen c. Thymus d. Lymph nodes 31. Describe T lymphocyte maturation.

34. When do T lymphocytes mature and why? (think about what happens to the location in which they mature)

35. What are the two types of T cells? a. CD4 T cells and CD8 T cells b. CD8 T cells and cytokines c. CD4 T cells and chemokines 35. What do T cell differentiation depend on?

37. What are T regulatory cells?

38. Describe the thymus pathway

39. What are some disorders discussed in class for the thymus.

5|Page 40. Where do B cells mature AFTER birth? a. Fetal liver b. Bone marrow c. Thymus d. Spleen 40. Where do B cells mature BEFORE birth? a. Fetal liver b. Bone marrow c. Thymus d. Spleen 40. What happens to B cells and T cells if they interact inappropriately with self antigens? What is the process called?

43. What guides maturation of the B cells? 44. What are the disorders discussed in calls for bone marrow?

45. Where can lymphocytes NOT circulate to?

46. Describe lymphocyte circulation.

47. Describe the activation steps of T lymphocytes.

48. What are the three Antigen Presenting Cells? a. Dendritic cells, Tissue macrophages, B cells b. B cells, T cells, cytokines

6|Page c. Dendritic cells, monocytes, neutrophils d. B cells, basophils, neutrophils 48. Which APC(s) is responsible for activating NAIVE T lymphocytes? a. B cells b. T cells c. Dendritic cells d. Neutrophils 48. Which APC(s) is responsible for activating ALREADY ACTIVATED T lymphocytes? a. B cells b. T cells c. Macrophages d. Dendritic cells 48. Which two APCs are the link between innate and adaptive immunity? a. Dendritic cells and B cells b. Dendritic cells and Macrophages c. Dendritic cells and neutrophils d. B cells and macrophages 48. What are the two types of Dendritic cells?

53. Describe the two types of dendritic cells.

54. T cells are located __________________________________________________ in the spleen. 55. B cells are located ___________________________________________________in the spleen. 56. How do lymphocytes enter the lymph nodes? a. HEV (naive lymphocytes) and Afferent lymphatic vessel (lymphatic fluid) b. Efferent lymphatic vessels (lymphatic fluid) c. Through the tissue d. Magically appear there 56. How do lymphocytes exist the lymph nodes? a. HEV (naive lymphocytes) and afferent lymphatic vessel (lymphatic fluid) b. Efferent lymphatic vessel (lymphatic fluid) c. Through the tissue d. Magically appear there 56. The T cell zone is located________________________________________________ in the lymph nodes.

7|Page 59. The B cell zone is located ________________________________________________in the lymph nodes. 59. Describe the follicles of the lymph nodes.

61. What are selectins? a. Type of lectins, a class of carbohydrate binding molecule b. Used in leukocyte migration, recruitment and phagocytosis c. Cause cells to adhere to surfaces 61. What are the types of selectins discussed in class.

63. List the location, ligand and ligand location for each of those selectins.

64. What are selectins responsible for?

65. What do integrins do?

66. What the 4 integrins talked about in class?

67. List the location, ligand and ligand location for those integrins.

8|Page 68. What are chemokines? a. Type of lectin, a class of carbohydrate binding molecules b. A specific type of cytokine that creates gradient that lymphocytes will follow to infection; chemotatic agents c. Cause cells to adhere to surfaces 68. List the chemokines, their original name and major function. (see attached file)

70. List the chemokine ligands and their target cells. (See attached file)

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71. What causes activated epithelium? a. Caused by neutrohils and macrophages b. Caused by dendritic cells and monocytes c. Caused by cytokines and chemokines d. Caused by selectins 71. What does activated epithelium cause to happen? a. Causes selectins to be expressed on epithelium b. Causes inflammation

10 | P a g e c. Causes migraines d. Causes a dance party 71. Describe the 4 steps in leukocyte recruitment.

74. Describe migration into lymph nodes. (section after leukocyte recruitment)

75. Describe leaving lymph nodes. (think about the specific receptor for T lymphocytes)

76. When you think of humoral adaptive immunity what do you think of? a. B cells and antibodies b. T cells and APCs c. Neutrophils and macrophages d. Sunshine and rainbows 76. When you think of cell-mediated adaptive immunity what do you think of? a. B cells and antibodies b. T cells c. Sunshine and rainbows d. The blood of my enemies 76. What are the broad roles of innate immunity?

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79. What are the key players of innate immunity? a. Physical barriers, chemical barriers, inflammation, complement, cells b. Molina, Carpenter, Wainwright, Wong, Webb c. Binnington, Steen, Dunn, O’Reilly, Allen d. White, McKay, Shnar, Ford, Fitch, Bittle 79. What are the circulating effectors cells and what are their rolls? 79. What are the circulating effector proteins and what are their rolls? 79. What is the role of TNF, IL-10 and chemokines? a. Resistance to viral infection b. Inflammation c. Macrophage activation d. Control of inflammation 79. What is the role of IFN-alpha,-beta? a. Resistance to viral infection b. Inflammation c. Macrophage activation d. Control of inflammation 79. What is the role of IFN-gamma? a. Resistance to viral infection b. Inflammation c. Macrophage activation d. Control of inflammation 79. What is the role of IL-12? a. Inflammation b. Resistance to viral infection c. IFN-gamma production by NK cells and T cells d. Proliferation of NK cells 79. What is the role of IL-15? a. Resistance to viral infection b. Inflammation c. Control of inflammation d. Proliferation of NK cells 79. What is the role of IL-10 and TGF-beta? a. Inflammation b. Resistance to viral infection c. Control of inflammation d. Macrophage activation 79. What are PAMPs and how are they detected?

89. List some examples of PAMPs.

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90. What are the Toll-like receptors that are extracellular membrane receptors?

91. What are the Toll-like receptors that are intracellular endosomal receptors that respond to nucleic acids?

92. What are the TLRs and the Microorganisms that they recognize? (see attached file)

93. What is NF-kB?

13 | P a g e 94. What are NOD-like receptors? a. Intracellular receptors that respond to PAMPs and DAMPs b. RAGE c. Selectins d. Integrins 94. What is formed by NOD-like receptors and what does it activate?

96. What does Caspase-1 do?

97. What is caused by the secretion of IL-1B?

98. What is the purpose of scavenger receptors?

99. What are the 3 scavenger receptors discussed in class? a. T cells, B cells, DCs b. NK cells, macrophages, phagocytes c. SR-AI, SR-AII, MARCO d. Lectin, PAMP, DAMP 99. What happens in the event of a scavenger deficiency? a. A migraine b. Acute inflammation c. Diarrhea d. Upset stomach 99. What is the role of SRAI and II?

102.

What some examples of lectin PRRs?

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103.

What does the binding of lectin PRR cause?

104.

What is the ligand for NLR?

105.

What is the ligand for scavenger receptors?

106.

What is the ligand for lectin PRR?

107. Defensins are produced by______________________________________________ 108. Defensins target______________________________________________________ 109. Cathe’licidins are produced by___________________________________________ 110. Cathe’licidins activate__________________________________________________ 111. Cathe’licidins bind and neutralize_________________________________________ 112. Cathe’licidins modulate ______________________by blocking_________________ 112. What do natural killer cells do? a. Kill infected or stressed cells b. Activate T cells c. Activate B cells d. Beat up bullies for their younger brother 112. What do NK cells respond to?

15 | P a g e a. b. c. d.

112.

IL-12 secreted by neutrophils IL-12 secreted by T cells IL-12 secreted by B cells IL-12 secreted by macrophages What do NK cells secrete? IFN-alpha IFN-beta IFN-delta IFN-gamma What happens when the inhibitory receptor for NK cells is engaged?

117.

What about when it is not engaged?

112. a. b. c. d.

118. a. b. c. d. 118. a. b. c. d. 118.

121. a. b. c. d. 121. a. b. c. d. 121.

What does Perforin do? Steals candy from babies Causes inflammation Makes a hole Enters and does damage What does Granzyme do? Robs a bank Does drugs What enters a cell and does damage Makes a hole What are the 3 pathways of complement?

What does C3b do? Opsonization and binds to CR1 on macrophages; promotes phagocytosis Induces inflammation Lysis the cell Nothing, it is useless What does C3a and C5a do? Absolutely nothing Everything Induces inflammation by either promoting proliferation of neutrophils, increasing permeability and chemotaxis including ROS Opsonization Which is stronger: C3a or C5a?

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124.

What is the exact role of C3a?

125.

What is the exact role of C5a?

126.

126.

What does MAC do? Opsonization Inflammation Lysis the cell Nothing All of the above Describe the process of setting up MAC.

128.

Describe the Alternative pathway.

a. b. c. d. e.

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129.

Describe the classical pathway

130. 130.

130.

Describe the lectin pathway. What is the purpose of properdin? Stabilize the interactions of classical pathway Stabilize the interactions of alternate pathway Stabilize the interactions of lectin pathway Stabilize the interaction of MAC What are the 3 ways to regulate complement, discussed in class? B cells, T cells, Macrophages DAF, CR1, Factor 1 MASP2, Factor B, Factor D IgM, IgG, C1q What is the role of DAF?

134.

What is the role of CR1?

135.

What is the role of Factor 1?

a. b. c. d. 130. a. b. c. d.

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136.

What are three ways macrophage phagocytosis is triggered?

137.

What triggers macrophage activation?

138.

What is the result of macrophage activation?

139.

How do macrophages kill?

140.

Lists the cytokines, source and target/effect (see attached file)

141. a. b. c. d. 141.

What are two acute phase proteins? B cells, T cells DAF, CR1 C reactive protein, serum amyloid P IFN-gamma, IL-10 Where are acute phase proteins produced?

19 | P a g e a. b. c. d. 141. a. b. c. d. 141.

Spleen Bone marrow Thymus Liver What do they recognize? Nothing Phosphorylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine IgM and IgG interferons What do they do?

145. What happens to the levels of acute phase proteins during infection and what causes the changes?

146.

Describe type I interferons

147.

Describe type II interferons

148.

What are the parts of the functional structure for Abs?

149.

149.

149.

What does papain do? a. Cut Igs into 2x Fab and Fc while retaining function b. Cuts Igs into F(ab’)2 and degraded Fc while maintaining function of Fab but not Fc c. Determine the Ab class d. All of the above What does pepsin do? a. Cut Igs into 2x Fab and Fc while retaining function b. Cuts Igs into F(ab’)2 and degraded Fc while maintaining function of Fab but not Fc c. Determine Ab class d. All of the above What are heavy chains?

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152.

What are light chains?

153. a. b. c. d. 153.

What determines Ab class Fab Fc Heavy chains Light chains What are the functions of Abs?

155. Affinity is ____________________________________________________________ 156. Valence is___________________________________________________________ 157. Avidity is____________________________________________________________

158.

Draw and fill in the chart for B cell development.

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159.

What is affinity maturation? When does it occur?

160.

What is isotope switching? When does is occur? What does it require?

161. Describe IgM. Include function, stimulation of secretion, heavy chain and anything else you can think of.

162. Describe IgG. Include function, stimulation of secretion, heavy chain and anything else you can think of.

163. Describe IgA. Include function, stimulation of secretion, heavy chain and anything else you can think of.

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164. Describe IgE. Include function, stimulation of secretion, heavy chain and anything else you can think of.

165. Describe IgD. Include function, stimulation of secretion, heavy chain and anything else you can think of.

166.

167.

What are the highlights of Monoclonal Ab?

What are the types of T cells? Th0, CD6, CD9 Th0, CD3, CD10 Th0, CD4, CD8 All of the above What are the types of T helper cells? a. Th0, Th5 a. b. c. d.

167.

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167.

167.

167.

167.

167.

b. Th1, Th2 c. Th3, Th8 d. None of the above What are the roles of CD4 T helper cells? a. Recognize pathogens b. Bind to epitopes c. Recognize Ags on MHC II on APCs d. All the above What are the roles of Th1 Cells? a. Extracellular pathogens, help develop B cells to memory cells b. Intracellular pathogens, produces IFN-gamma c. None of the above d. All of the above What are the roles of Th2 cells? a. Extracellular pathogens, help develop B cells to memory cells b. Intracellular pathogens, produces IFN-gamma c. None of the above d. All of the above What are the roles of CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocytes? a. Recognize Ags on MHC II on APCs b. Associated with MHC I; fights intracellular pathogens c. All of the above d. None of the above Where are TLRs found?

174.

What are TLRs?

175.

What is the structure of the TLR?

176.

What can TLRs bind to?

177.

Is it a signaling molecule? Why or why not?

24 | P a g e 178.

What is CD3?

179.

Describe the structure and characteristics of MHC class I

180.

Describe the structure and characteristics of MHC class II

181.

Describe the processing of MHC class I

182.

Describe the processing of MHC class II

183.

What is cross presentation and how does is occur?

184.

What is Co- Stimulation?

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185. CD40 is located on____________________________________________________ 186. CD40L is located on___________________________________________________

Exam 2 Material

187.

What are the four membrane bound receptors discussed in class?

188. GCPRs binds ________________________________ 189. RTKs bind _____________________________________ 190. extracellular portion binds_________________________________ 191. Intracellular portion binds__________________________________ 192. what are the two nuclear receptors and what do the bind?

193. what are the modifications of the OH groups on cytoplasmic residues?

194. what are the other modifications?

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195. what are the binding and kinases domains? Include the tyrosine kinase families.

196. describe Adaptor proteins.

197. what are the adaptors in T cell activation?

198. describe TCR and Co-receptors

199. what are ITAMs?

200. what are ITIMs?

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201. describe T cell activation via LCK.

202. describe the PLC pathway

203. describe the NFKB pathway

204. describe Co-stimulation

205. Describe T cell co-stimulation and the effect of anergy on it

28 | P a g e 206. Describe the B cell receptor

207. Describe the B cell complex (BCR and Co-receptors)

208. Describe the BC...