Intelligence & Psychological Testing Key People, Key Terms, Study Questions, Concept Exercises PDF

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In here you will find a complete Unit 3. Everything that needed to be done in the whole unit....

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Key Terms gauges a persons mastery and knowledge of various aspects of personality provide useful evidence about the impact of experience as well as heredity. accesses specific types of mental abilities. the extent to which there is evidence that a test measures a particular hypothesis. refers to the degree to which the content of a test is representative of the domain its supposed to cover. one tries to narrow down a list of alternatives to converge on a single correct answer. is a numerical index of the degree of relationship between 2 variables. involves the generation of ideas that are original, novel, and useful. is estimated by correlating subjects scores on a test with their scores on an independent criterion (another measure) of the trait assessed by the test. : involves ability to apply acquired knowledge and skills in problem solving. : that locate subjects precisely within the normal distribution, using the standard deviation as the unit of measurement

one tries to expand the range of alternatives by generating many possible solutions. a condition marked by distictive physical characteristics that is associated with mild to severe intellectual disability. Most children exhibiting this syndrome carry an extra chromosome. consists of the ability to perceive and express emotion, assimilate emotion, in thought, and understand and reason with emotion, and regulate emotion. correlations amount many variables are analyzed to identify closely related clusters of variables. involves reasoning ability, memory capacity, and speed of information processing. : a common cause of hereditary intellectual disability. : to exhibit better than average physical health, emotional stability, and social satisfaction. Profoundly gifted people often are introverted and socially isolated. The psychological adjustment of gifted individuals may depend in part on their level of giftedness. success runs in families because great intelligence is passed down through genetic inheritance. H : an estimate of the proportion of trait variability in a population that is determined by variations in genetic inheritance. An excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the skill destroys brain tissue and causes retardation.

: refers to subnormal general mental ability accompanied by deficiencies in adaptive skills, originating before age 18. a childs mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100. Intelligence Test:measures Bernal mental ability. : indicated that he or she displayed the mental ability typical of a child of that chronological (actual) age. a symmetric, bell shaped curve that represents the pattern in which many characteristics are dispersed in the population. indicates the percentage of people who score at or below the score one has obtained. measures various aspects of personality, including motives, interests, values, and attitudes. a metabolic disorder (due to an inherited enzyme deficiency) that can lead to intellectual disability if it is not caught and treated in infancy. a standardized measure of a sample of a persons behaviour. : to refer to these genetically determined limits on IQ (or other traits). occurs when a hypothetical, abstract concept is given a name and then treated as though it were a concrete, tangible object.

: refers to the measurement consistency of a test (or of other kinds or measurement techniques). : refers to the uniform procedures used in the administration and scoring of a test. : derogatory stereotypes of stigmatized groups intellectual capabilities create unique feelings of vulnerability in the educational arena. These feelings of stereotype vulnerability can undermine group members performance on tests, as well as other measures of academic achievement. T provide information about where a score on a psychological test ranks in relation to other scores on that test. : which is estimated by comparing subjects scores on 2 administrations of a test. : the rationale for twin studies is that both identical and fraternal twins normally develop under similar environmental conditions. However, identical twins share more genetic kinship than fraternal, hence if pairs of identical twins show more similar in intelligence than fraternal. refers to the ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure.

Describe and provide examples, where available, of the principal broad categories and subcategories of psychological tests.

There are 2 broad categories that most tests can be placed in. One being mental ability, second being personality testing. Mental ability has 3 principal subcategories; intelligence tests, aptitude tests, and achievement tests. Intelligence tests are intended to asses intellectual potential rather than previous learning or accumulated knowledge. Aptitude tests are also designed to measure potential more than knowledge, but they break down mental ability into separate components. (Example, in Different Aptitude Tests assess verbal reasoning, numerical ability, abstract reasoning, and more). Achievement tests have a specific focus, but they are supposed to measure previous learning instead of potential. Personality tests systematically asses more than 500 traits total to see which one may possess. Some may refer to these as a personality scale, and theses tests do not have a right or wrong answer.

Explain the concepts of standardization and test norms.

Standardization refers to the uniform procedures used in the administration and scoring of a test. All subjects get the same instructions, the same questions, and the same time limit so that their scores can be compared meaningfully. (Example: diplomas, PATs). The standardization of a test scoring system includes the developments of test norms, which provide information about where a score on a psychological test ranks in relation to other scores on that test.

Explain the meaning of test reliability and validity, and discuss how these qualities are estimated. What is the difference between content validity, criterion related validity, and construct validity?

Test reliability refers to how reliable the test is. This can be tested in administering the same test, with the same instructions, and the same time limit at different dates to the same group of people, and if the results are consistent then the test is reliable. The term validity is used to refer to the accuracy or usefulness of the inferences or decisions based on a test, or the ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure. The difference between content, criterion related, and construct validity is; content validity is evaluated with logic more than with statistics, as criterion related validity has to do with statistics and how well 2 things correlate, as construct validity has to do with hypothetical constructs, using multiple studies to see the correlation.

Summarize the contributions of Galton, Binet, and Wechsler to the evolution of intelligence testing.

Galton was a British scholar that studied how intelligence is hereditary. In his book he concluded that success runs inn families because great intelligence is passed from generation to generation through genetics (Example: him, and his half cousin Darwin). In his pursuit Galton coined the phrase ‘nature VS nurture’ to refer to the heredity environment issue, he also invented the concept of correlation and percentile test scoring. Binet was asked to devise a test to identify mentally subnormal children, to single out kids who need special training. He created the BinetSimon scale, which expressed a child’s score in terms of mental age, or mental level. His scale he found was quite crude, and he continuously revised it till death, but many psychologists continue to build on his ideas ………………………….

Wechsler found the StanfordBinet Intelligence Scale unsatisfactory for assessing adult patients, so he developed the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), and eventually devised it down for children assessment too. His scales were characterized by atleast 2 major innovations; one being his scales are less dependent on subjects verbal ability, and second he discard the intelligence quotient in favour of a new scoring scheme based on the normal distribution. This scoring system has been adopted by most IQ tests, including the StandfordBinet. What kinds of questions are found on intelligence tests?

A

Find and maintain a definite direction or purpose

C

Evaluate and criticize the strategy so that necessary components could be made.

What do modern IQ scores mean?

Modern IQ scores indicate exactly where you fall in the normal distribution of intelligence.

Do intelligence tests have adequate reliability? Why, or why not?

Intelligence tests are adequately reliable because they commend a good estimate about ones intelligence level. But just like any other test there can be flaw(s) in the sample(s) that is taken as base information and use for comparisons. Flaws can happen due to an individual who is participating in this sample may be anxious, having a bad day, or have something going on that would taint the true result of their test in a negative way, leading to their result being lower than the truth. But IQ tests do give us a good foundation to build off of.

Do intelligence tests I do not believe that intelligence tests do have adequate validity because IQ test are only have adequate validity? valid in testing ones academic potential. But there is a much broader umbrella that can Why, or why not? change the views on the outcomes from ones abilities. Determination, is one thing that can really alter the outcome. Another reason is that because IQ test don’t include the break down of different fields of intelligence, it only tests academic abilities, not verbal, practical, or social intelligence. Do intelligence test predict vocational success?

Intelligence tests do not predict vocational success. But when someone has a higher IQ score, that normally means that they will have a higher status job, but its not definite.

Are IQ tests used in other cultures?

IQ tests are mostly used in western societies. Nonwestern societies like China, and India do not utilize this test because it does not translate well.

Summarize evidence from twin studies and adoption studies on whether heredity affects intelligence. What does the heritability ratio for human intelligence (about 60 percent) mean? Why can you not use a heritability ratio to explain a particular individuals intelligence?

Scientists use twin studies to evaluate if intelligence is affected by heredity. They use fraternal, and identical twins. It is a great indication because they share the same experiences, the same environment, and are usually given the same opportunities, as well as sharing very close (fraternal), even identical (identical) genetic material. The heritability ratio is an estimate of the proportion of variation in a trait determined by heredity, with the remainder presumably determined by environment. You cannot use a heritability ratio to explain an individuals intelligence because it is not guaranteed, each person does not follow a specific scale, or a specific line, every person is different, along with their environments. So, with all of this being said one cannot use this ratio and apply it to everyone, and expect it to be accurate.

Summarize the evidence from research on adoption, environmental deprivation, and enrichment, and home environment that shows how experience shapes intelligence.

Adoption studies are extremely useful in regards to evaluating how environments effect individuals. In these studies you can see how much genetics can factor into an individuals interests, personality, and intelligence. Environmental deprivation, and enrichment is also a great way to see how different settings can affect a individual. When children are raised in isolated environment it can make drastic changes in their performance in many situations negatively, and once placed in an enriched environment great improvement can be made. The same goes with home environments. AKA CARSON.

What is the Flynn effect? What are the proposed explanations for the Flynn effect?

The Flynn effect is that over decades intelligence has been increasing, but because the average score on an IQ test is 100, the range has gone up over the years due to the populations average of intelligence increasing as well. This is demonstrated in James Flynn’s work with the military in the 1930’s. Comparing today’s average, with the average 70 years ago, we can safely conclude that the average score today, back then is 120.

Using the concept of reaction range, explain how heredity and the environment interact to affect intelligence.

Heredity and environment interact intricately to develop ones intelligence. The concept of reaction range is quite interesting in the fact that ones ration range is unique to themselves. 2 people raised in the same environment can be very different, same as 2 people raised in completely different environments can be very different. But none the less the range is very important, giving us a good insight into the depth of ones IQ. AKA FLOWERS IN THE ATTIC

Describe the 3 explanations for cultural differences in IQ scores. Which one is the best supported by research?

There are many explanations for cultural differences in IQ scores. One is because of heritability, the fact that one some ethnics have not had the same chances as ‘white’ people have had in history, but we do see an increase in peoples IQ scores over the years, in blacks, natives, whites, and other ethnicities over the years. Another is socioeconomic disadvantages, this is represented in the fact that minorities in society can have a significant disadvantage compared to ‘white’ people. This is represented in the fact that because of the colour of your skin can really effect the opportunities that are given to individuals. Like black people falling through the schooling system. And lastly is the stereotype threat, this involves stereotyping individuals based on their race. Like Asians being smart, and black people being delinquents, ect. There is a stereotype for each race, and it can really take a toll on their opportunities, and their standards in society.

Describe the new trends in the assessment and study of Intelligence.

Technology is always evolving, but electronic imaging has really bummed up the knowledge, and given us a real insight into what may cause a higher IQ. It gives us a true look into the brain, and the shape, and how it is wired, and the areas that are used, and the size of everything, and how that is all correlated to IQ’s.

Describe Gardners and Sternbergs theories of intelligence.

Sternbergs theories are quite revolutionary in terms of the change in how we view intelligence. He proposed that IQ testing that is done traditionally through test questions isn’t always an accurate indication. His story is a prime example. But his theories like any others is controversial in society because it is new, and goes against what we are originally told. He believes that there are many different types of intelligence, and those different branches build together what we would consider intelligence to be. He believes that tradition IQ tests are not accurate in the sense that people with higher intelligence take longer to problem solve a situation because of how hard they analyze the problem at hand, and it takes longer to find the best solution, and since IQ tests have a time limit, it may not always be the most effect testing way. His evidence shows promising conclusion. Gardners theories build off a very similar platform to Sternergs in the sense that they both believe that there are many levels and sub levels of intelligence, but Gardner goes about and beyond when it comes to the breakdown of intelligence, and the difference moving mechanics. Many people believe that his ideas are too broad, when categorizing intelligence. He believes that intelligence not only comes from academic, and response times, but also down to what you are good at, and how well you are good at things. Many critics dismiss his theories.

Explain how Weiten and McCann use 3 of the unifying themes in their study if intelligence.

Three integrative themes stand out, like the discussion of heredity and environment interact to shape behaviour, and how psychology evolves to a sociohistorical context and how one has to consider cultural content to fully understand behaviour.

Describe creativity tests. Summaries how well they predict creative achievement.

Creativity tests are done through a series of questions that have no right or wrong answer, but just has you list as many things as you can on a certain topic. These can help predict what field you are most creative in, as well as give an indication as to how creative you are, and how well you do with coming up with original ideas, and solutions.

Describe the association between creativity, personality, intelligence, and mental illness.

Alfred Binet was a French psychologist that invented the first practical IQ Test. This test was made to determine which students did not learn effectively from regular classroom instruction so they could be given remedial work. He collaborated with Theodore Simon.

James Flynn was a psychologist that published many books and papers. He argued that there are many different types of intelligence, not just the typical academic intelligence. He argued that there are many subcategories to intelligence, and that one type is not superior over another. He also believed that there is many different reasons for higher intelligence, and that its environmental factors that play a higher involvement than anything else. Like how black people normally score lower on IQ Tests, it has nothing to do with the fact that they aren’t intelligence. It has to do with the environment, and the opportunities that they are given.

Sir Francis Galton, a distant cousin of Darwin, was a psychologist that introduced the idea of inheritance of intelligence. He coined the phrase nature VS nurture. He studied many different cases of genetics and the environments that all could prove his theory, but there are still very much we don’t know about heredity, and how it plays a role in many things including intelligence.

Howard Gardner, a renowned psychologist, developed a theory of multiple intelligence. In this he included that humans have several different ways of processing information, and they can be very dependent, and also extremely independent.The theory is a critique of the standard intelligence theory which emphasized on the idea that the correlation amount abilities as well as traditional IQ Tests that are based on linguistic, intellectual, and mathematical logistics, did not include enough of the human abilities. He believed that there are many different types of intelligence, like physical abilities, and problem solving in different aspects of life, and in different environments.

Arthur Jensen was an important advocate in the acceptance of the ‘general factor of intelligence… G’ that is an abstract that stems from the observation that scores on all forms of cognitive test correlate positively with one another. He claimed that general cognitive ability is essentially inherited trait, determined predominantly by genetic factors rather than by environmental conditions. He also claimed on the basis of research that that associative learning is equally distributed among the races, synthesizing ability occurs with significantly greater frequency in whites than in other races.

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Sandra Scarr was resource of the study of development. She was active in the development of commercial childcare. Her work with twins in the 1960’s revealed strong genetic influences...