Introduction to Research Approaches PDF

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C.Vindana Hewage C.Vindana Hewage,IEng C.Vindana Hewage Is the systematic application of a family of methods that are employed to provide trustworthy information about problems. (W.Airasian & R.Gay,2000) 2 C.Vindana Hewage  Qualitative Research - is an approach for exploring & understanding...

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C.Vindana Hewage

C.Vindana Hewage,IEng

C.Vindana Hewage

Is the systematic application of a family of methods that are employed to provide trustworthy information about problems.

(W.Airasian & R.Gay,2000) 2

C.Vindana Hewage



Qualitative Research is an approach for exploring & understanding meaning individual or groups attribute to a social or human problem.

-



Quantitative Research

- is an approach for testing objective theories by examining the relative among variables.  Mixed

Method Research

– is an approach to inquiry involving collecting both qualitative

and quantitative data, integrating the two forms of data, & using distinct designs that may involve philosophical assumptions and theoretical framework. (Creswell,2013) 3

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WHY

Understand the Nature or Quality of a Phenomena

WHEN

QUALITATIVE

QUAL

Research Approaches

MIXED

+ QUANTI

HOW MUCH

Understand the Magnitude of An occurrence An association

QUANTITATIVE

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 

The nature of the research problem – is an issue or concern needs to be addressed

The researchers’ Personnel experiences – Researchers own training & experiences



Audience of the study – Researchers write for audience that will accept their

research 5

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IDENTIFYING A RESEARCH PROBLEM REPORTING & EVALUATING

RESEARCH  Deciding of audience  Structuring the Report  Writing the Report Sensitively

 Specifying a Problem  Justifying it  Suggesting the need to study it for Audience

REVIEWING THE RESEARCH PROBLEM  Locating resources  Selecting resources  Summarising resources



SPECIFYING A PURPOSE ANALYSING AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA  Breaking down data  Representing the data  Exploring the data

COLLECTING DATA  Selecting individuals to Study  Obtaining permissions  Gathering information

FOR RESEARCH  Identifying the purpose of statements

 Narrowing the purpose

statement or research questions or hypothesis

RESEARCH PROCESS CYCLE (Fig.1) (Source:Creswell,2002)

C.Vindana Hewage

Philosophical worldview

Designs

Post positivist Constructivist Transformative Pragmatic

Experiments Ethnographies Explanatory Sequential…etc.

Research Methods Questions Data Collection Data Analysis Interpretation Validation

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 A basic set of beliefs that guide action. (Guba,1990)  Broadly Conceived research methodologies. (Neuman,2009)

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Attachment

Constructivism

Post positivism    

Determination Reductionism Empirical Observation and Measurement Theory Verification

Transformative    

   

Understanding Multiple Participant Meanings Social and Historical Construction Theory Generation

Pragmatism

Political Power and justice oriented Collaborative Change-oriented

   

Consequences of Action Problem-cantered Pluralistic Real World Practise oriented

(Source:Creswell,2013)

PHILOSOPHICAL WORLD VIEWS (Fig.2)

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Post positivism:

studying causes determine effects

or outcome, such as experiments. QUANTI than QUALI



Constructivism:

understanding the world in which

they live and work. QUALI than QUANTI 

Transformative:

action agenda for reform that may change lives of participants, institutions (e.g politics and political changes). QUANTI than QUALI

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Pragmatic: studying the problem through the social science’s point of view in practical manner (realistic) rather than theoretical way. QUANTI and QUALI both.

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      

   

Experimental Designs Non-experimental designs Narrative Research Phenomenology Grounded Theory Ethnographies Case Study Convergent Explanatory Sequential Exploratory Sequential Multiphase

QUANTI

QUALI

MIXED

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 



Experimental – Seeks to determine after a specific treatment which influences an outcome.(Quanti)

Non-experimental (such as Surveys) – provides a quantitative or numeric description of trends, attitudes or opinions of a population by studying a sample.(Quanti)

Narrative research – a design of inquiry from the humanities, researcher studies the lives of individuals.(Quali)



Phenomenological research – is a design of inquiry from philosophy and psychology, researcher studies the lived experiences of individuals about a phenomenon.(Quali)



Grounded theory – is a design of inquiry from sociology, researcher derives a general abstract theory.(Quali) 12

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Ethnography - is a design of inquiry from anthropology, researcher studies the shared patters of behaviours, language, and action of same cultural group in a natural setting over a prolonged period of time.(Quali)





Case Studies –

are a design of inquiry can find in many fields, specially evaluation, researcher develops an in-depth analysis of a case, event, activity, process, or one or more individuals by using variety of data collection procedures. (Quali)

Convergent parallel mixed methods – is one design by merging quan and quali data in order to provide a comprehensive analysis of the research problem. Contradictions findings are explained. (Mixed) 13

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





Explanatory sequential mixed methods

–

is one researcher first conducts quanti research, analyse the results and then explain them in more detail with quali research, initial quanti research followed by quali in sequential manner. (Mixed)

Exploratory sequential mixed methods

–

is the reverse sequence from the “Explanatory sequential”, the researcher first begins with a quali research phase data are analysed and then the information used to build in to a second, quanti phase. (Mixed)

Multiphase mixed methods –

is common in the field of evaluation long term program, sequential strategies are used to best understand a long-term program goal. (Mixed)

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Specific data collection, Analysis and Reporting Data collection

Reporting

Analysis

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Attachment

QUANTITATIVE

QUALITATIVE

APPROACH RESEARCH

APPROACH RESEARCH

METHODS

METHODS

 Pre-determined data

 Instrument based questions  Performance data, attitude data, observational data, & census data  Statistical analysis

 Open-ended questions

 Interview data, observation data, document data & audio-visual data  Themes, patterns interpretation

 Statistical interpretation

MIXED APPROACH RESEARCH METHODS

 Both pre-determined & emerging methods

 Both open and closed-ended questions  Multiple forms of data drawing on all possibilities  Statistical & trend analysis  Across database interpretation.

RESEARCH METHODS (Fig.3) (Source:Creswell,2013)

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1. 2. 

Primary data - raw data Secondary data – existing data

Quantitative – Surveys (postal,telephone,internet) 

2 formats

3 questions types

cross sectional- at a single point in time (event)  longitudinal – over a period of time 

closed – possible answers only  ranking scales – level of importance of items  sliding scales – agree / disagree levels

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 Parametric

statistical analysis for data is sampled from a population that follows normal distribution (bell-curved).      

Mean Standard Deviation t-test analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Pearson correlation Regression etc…

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 Non-parametric

statistical analysis for the population clearly does not follow a normal distribution. Where values too high or too low to measure.

General Tests,    

Median Kruskal-Wallis test Spearman correlation test Wilcoxon test etc…

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Interpreting and Reporting through the  

MS Excel Formal Statistical Packages (SPSS, SAS, Stata)

Generally data interpretation outcomes for,      



measure make comparisons examine relationships make forecast test hypothesis explain explore etc… 19

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Qualitative – social surveys / questionnaire an evaluation of social dimensions       

face to face interviews (in-depth) telephone discussion groups workshops immersing oneself in a situation doing experiments manipulating models etc…

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Qualitative – social surveys / questionnaire an evaluation of social dimensions       

face to face interviews (in-depth) telephone discussion groups workshops immersing oneself in a situation doing experiments manipulating models etc…

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Narrative analysis - aimed at extracting themes, structures, interactions through people’s present & past



Semiotics analysis to gain a deep understanding of meanings by the interpretation of single elements of text or visual units

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Matrices (or Tables) -



Information summarised by two dimension arrangement (columns and rows table)

Networks -

Blocks connected by links   

Time ordered displays (ex: project programs) Role ordered displays (ex: management of a production company) conceptually ordered displays (ex: decision trees)

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Role ordered displays

Matrices

Time ordered displays

Conceptually ordered displays

(Source: Nicholas Walliman ,2011)

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Will be as per the mixed of two approaches

Quantitative + Qualitative both methodology can be blended or merged together.

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Validity (data must be accurate)

Construct Validity (have you measured what you want?)

Internal Validity (outcomes’ satisfaction)

Conclusion Validity (degree of data are reasonable)

External Validity (establishing) 27

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