Invitational Speech Handy Guide PDF

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Summary

Invitational Speech Handy Guide, Argument: Starting Points and Warrants, Argument Types. Helpful for invitational speech!
Instructor: John Arthos

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Description

Invitational Speech Handy Guide - Find common ground by seeing how far you have to move towards your audience, and how far your audience has to move towards you. - Degrees of Adherence - Some degree towards your position - Coming from a position, you want to invite you audience a little closer. - Not pandering, not wishy washy - Goals - Present a perspective on a controversy that remains sensitive to all parties who are invested in the debate, but that leans in one direction. Goal is not to polarize the sides, but find ways to bring groups closer together. - Look for language that will make that happen. - Fine tuning exercise - Calibrate your speech in order to accomplish these things. - Adjust phrasing - Locating your topics - Choosing supports - Determining audience’s inherent issues - How to adjust - Current status, what people are thinking about it, what questions are most important - Talk in a way that can bring people together. - Avoid loaded language in your claim - Examples: - “Police should wear body cameras at all times” - “Late-term abortions should be illegal” - Taking a position, but not so biased that you will turn your audience off. - Don’t say: “Ripping the baby out of the womb in the 9th month…” - Use neutral language. - The two patterns - Reflective thinking sequence - More logical - How should we define and limit the problem - What are the causes and effects - What are the criteria to judge it and what is the best solution - “Therefore” - Audience should feel compelled by logic of argument - Motivated sequence - Move audience through emotional stages - Arose: Capture attention and focus on problem - Dissatisfy: Make listeners understand its seriousness - Gratify: reveal solution - Visualize: show listeners how to address it - Move: Appeal them to take action

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Emotional journey Audience should be moved by the emotional flow of argument and feel left with a strong motive to act. Ask does my speech allow me to move my audience some degree towards the position? Consult 2-page explainer The “Form Follows Function” mini unit shows how patterns of organization work

Argument: Starting Points and Warrants - The logic of the argument that you offer to audiences to accept your claims. - Micro Level or level of speech - Topics and Warrants - Starting point+warrant= claim - Starting point: the common ground located between yourself and your audience that will allow you to build conviction toward your claim. - Warrant: the bridge between the starting point and the claim. Familiar or comfortable with audience - Claim: the conclusion you want your audience to draw; the conviction that will move them toward action in the world. - Starting point - Empirical: based on scientific testing, methodical experimental, or measureable validated and verified evidence. - Direct observation - Laboratory experiment - Absolute measures, calculations - Statistical averages - Expert testing - Examples: physical evidence (thumb print), notarized document, documentary recording - Topical: Memorable saying or commonplace with justifying force - “No one is above the law, “America is the land of opportunity”, “Black lives matter” - Maxims, chestnuts, sayings, aphorisms, catch phrases, proverbial wisdom, community values, words of wisdom, cliches - These float around our communities, we pick them up and use them. They inform our judgements because they are always there. Dangerous because they can be invisibly credential. - Provide resources for thinking. - People often use cliches to make a case - Also used in common law. Standards that are developed. They are not just logical, but they are expressed in a way that is memorable. - Topoi special characteristics - Laden

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They tap into deeply felt reserves of feeling, experience and values. They tap into deeply felt reserves of feeling within you. - They leave unsaid the explosive implications of an implicit argument. - It resonates in your mind and heart. - Commonplaces - A saying that is popular, shared, passed around, familiar, known by many. - We gravitate to them because they are widely held, and then they achieve their authority just because they are widely held. - They take on a life of their own - They shape our understanding and decisions. - “One person, one vote” - 1963 court opinion - Criteria in law - Force is based upon the specific wording - Fragments - Truncated arguments that often work precisely as implied logic. - “Crimes against humanity” - Starting points - First step in an argument. These common circulating pearls of wisdom that people accept. How Topoi works in your speech - Topoi do not provide absolute certainty like empirical evidence. - Less reliable than forensic evidence - They allow you to ground your appeal in the values of the community. - Able to build consensus without absolute certainty Warranting - Building a bridge to get across from starting point to claim. - Provides the bridge from something familiar to something uncomfortable. - Fleshes out the implicit justification in a starting point. - Making the invisible visible. - When you flesh out the implicit justification you can see the full argument - Provide a warrant when my audience needs to have the implicit spelled out so that it can weigh its merit.

Argument Types - Sign - Easiest to master

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- Example: seeing footprints in the sand can infer someone was there Cause - Rooted in the belief that the universe operates by predecible principles from cause and effect. - Answering the question why? - Answer is because Correlation - Which direction does the cause work in? Analogy - A way to reason from things that are well known to things that aren't. - “Explaining a joke is like dissecting a frog” - Not a comparison of things but a comparison of relationships between things - “When a house is on fire, no one shouts that all houses matter. Instead, they just water the one that is on fire” - Clarifying the unfamiliar by using the familiar Example - Often the one vivid instance is sufficient to support an argument. - Often you only have to use one example - Advantage is that it brings the issue right before eyes and makes it real. Very powerful - Weak in the sense that it has very little empirical weight. Literal - Compares two items or cases in the same class that are similar in essential aspects and equal in value Figural - Smoking is to the lungs as resentment is to the soul - Items are not in same class or equal in value Analogy Test - Compare the relevant similarities of the relationship - Compare the relevant dissimilarities of the relationship - This will weaken it - Weigh the strength of 1 against 2...