ISCI 101 Exam 1 High Level Study Guide PDF

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Study Guide for exam 1 consisting of lecture notes, book notes, and other in class assignments. ...

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ISCI 101 Exam 1 High Level Study Guide Chapter 1 – Science: A Way of Knowing Why study science? Science: Most powerful tool to understand the world o Provides a framework for new concepts o As a consumer and a citizen you should be aware of what is in your products o As a voter, important to vote on energy, global warming The Scientific Method The Scientific Method 1. Ask a question 2. Do background research 3. Construct a HYPOTHESIS 4. Test with an experiment/ gather data 5. Procedure working? a. No  Rethink Step 4 b. Yes  Analyze data and draw conclusions 6. If results don’t align with hypothesis, rethink step 3 7. If results DO align with hypothesis  PEER REVIEW 8. Theory a. Theory of relativity, evolution, gravity, Big Bang, Plate Tectonics The Periodic Table The Periodic Table -1869 created -Mid 1800’s researchers saw a new element discovered annually -Dimitri Mendeler grouped these elements into a table -Arranged by atomic weight -Observed a pattern and grouped them Alkali Metal o Very reactive o 1 electron in outer shell o Good conductors of heat/energy Alkaline Earth o 2nd Most Reactive o Radium is radioactive o React with H2O to produce Hydrogen gas o Transition Metal o Act as a bridge between Main Group elements Basic Metal o Common o Inexpensive

o Insulators/conductors Semimetal o Metalloids o Some properties of metals and non-metals o Superconductors Nonmetal o Most are gases including Hydrogen Halogen o They all produce sodium salts Noble Gas o Colorless o Odorless o Tasteless o Non-flammable o Stable o Conductor Basic vs. Applied research Applied research is research that seeks to answer a question in the real world and to solve a problem. Basic research is research that fills in the knowledge we don't have; it tries to learn things that aren't always directly applicable or useful immediately. o Basic research: Curiosity about the world we live in o Applied research: specific with a directed outcome System science ???????? Chapter 2 – The Ordered Universe Ptolemy Ptolemy  Egyptian born Greek astronomer     

2nd century AD Developed the 1st planetary model Earth in the center Stars/planets revolved around Earth (*circular) Remained for 1500 years

Copernicus Copernicus  (1473-1543)  

Kept spherical/circular orbit Sun @ the center

Tycho Tyco  (1546-1601)  

Observed & described a new star Designed and used new instruments

Kepler Kepler  (1571-1630) 

Took Tyco’s data and analyzed and developed Kepler’s Laws

Galileo Galileo  (1564-1642)    

Developed instruments thermometer pendulum clock, compass Heresy trials for his telescope observations that coincided with Copernicus-Sun center Founder of experimental science Showed that all objects accelerate at the same rate as they fall

Newton Isaac Newton  (1642-1727) Universal force of gravity Took his idea of motion and applied them to the universe The moon is moving around the Earth not in a straight line so there must be a force acting on it  Realization that the force that allows objects to fall to earth = gravity **must also be the force within the universe Velocity  Distance traveled (meters)/time of travel (seconds)  V = d/t Acceleration  A measure of the rate of change in velocity  Final velocity – initial velocity / tune (m/s2)  Vf – Vi/t  acceleration of gravity on earth 9.8 m/s2   

1st, 2nd, 3rd laws of motion 1st Law of Motion A moving object will continue to move in a straight line at a constant speed! Forces  gravity & friction A stationary object will remain at rest unless acted upon by a force Prior to Copernicus it was believed that objects moved in circles because it is a perfect shape  Newton  uniform motion – straight line/constant speed o Accelerated motion o Changes in direction  Force = something that produces a change in state of motion on an object o Combo of both 2nd Law of Motion    

 

The acceleration produced on a body by a force is proportional to the magnitude of the force and inversely proportional to the mass of the object Example  (F=Force) (A=Acceleration) (M=Mass) o If we have an increase in F, then an increase in A o If we have an increase in M, then a decrease in A

o Force = Mass x Acceleration 3rd Law of Motion  

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction o Example  push on a wall, it will push back Momentum  a linear momentum vs. angular momentum

Momentum Linear Momentum 

The higher the mass and the higher the velocity the more difficult it is to stop the object or change its direction

Angular Momentum 

An object that is rotating will keep rotating unless a twisting force (torque) acts to make it

Gravity  Between any 2 objects in the universe there is an attractive Force (gravity) that is proportional to the product of the masses of the objects and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them  G + a physical quantity believed to be bother universal in nature and has a constant value **Constant  Force of Gravity (Newton’s) = G x Mass1 (kg) x Mass2 (kg) / Distance (m)^2 The Coriolis effect The Coriolis effect    

A mass moving in a rotating system experience a Force (Coriolis) acting perpendicular to the direction of motion and the axis of rotation Ocean Circulation In the northern hemispheres water is deflected to the RIGHT In the southern hemisphere water is deflected to the LEFT

Chapter 3 – Energy Examples with different sciences  how and why do we need to understand different forms of energy based on different types of sciences  Physics: Bowling pins knocked down  Chemistry: Stored energy in plants & fossil fuels  Geology – Earthquakes and volcanoes  Biology – Plants convert sunlight to energy & we convert them to energy Work – When a force is exerted over a distance  Work is equal to the force times the distance (W=FxD) (Joules, Newtons, Meters) Energy – The ability to do work  If a system runs out of energy, no more work will be done Power – The measure of the work done divided by the time it takes to do the work

 Power=Work/Time (p=w/t) (Watts, joules, seconds) Kinetic Energy – The energy associated with moving objects  2 Factors govern the amount of KE o Heavier objects that are moving directly proportional to the mass o Faster objects create more energy o KE= ½ Mass x Velocity2 Potential Energy – The energy that is waiting to be released  Gravitational Potential Energy – Gravity gives an object the capability of exercising it’s force o GPE=Mass x Height x g (Joules, KG, meters, 9.8m/s2 Other types of energy  Heat energy  SUN  Radioactive energy – earth’s internal processes  Chemical energy – photosynthesis  Wave energy o Sound Waves  Air & Water o Seismic Waves  P Waves & S Waves o Light Waves o Heat Waves  heat energy o Radio Waves o Water Waves Wave types and parameters 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Wave Crest  highest point Wave Trough  lowest point Wave Length  distance between 2 successive wave crests Wave height  distance between crest & trough Wave period  the amount of time between 2 successive wave crests Wave frequency  the number of waves that pass a stationary point in a given amount of time 7. Wave Amplitude  distance between datum (point of reference) and crest

a. b.

Who cares? Tides -> shipping lanes (boats) Tsunamis are not related to tides or tidal waves  Generated from seismic waves  Earthquakes

First law of thermodynamics  Energy can never be created or destroyed, it can only change form  When you hit someone, all the excess energy from your hand is turned into force, but also sound and heat Renewable energy sources  Wind  Sun  Water  Wood is in the grey area, because like renewable, but not for a while (LONG TERM RENEWABLE) Chapter 4 – Heat and the 2nd law of thermodynamics Heat vs. temperature  Heat is a form of energy that moves from warm to cool places o It is energy in motion o It is measured in calories, 1 calorie is the amount necessary to raise 1g of water 1 degree C  Temperature o A measure of how quickly atoms within an object are moving and colliding with each other Specific heat capacity  The ability of a material to absorb heat Three types of heat transfer  Conduction – Transfer of heat through electron & molecular collisions from one molecule to the next o Good Conductors are metals: Copper o Bad Conductors non-solids: Air & water  Convection- Heat transfer that involves actual movement or circulation of a substance o Examples are plate tectonics, atmospheric wind & ocean circulation  Radiation – The heat transfer of radiating heat through the atmosphere o Wood radiates heat from a fire to our hands and legs when we stand near a fire o Reflection – a wave that bounces off of a surface o Refraction – A wave that passes through something Solar radiation  The waves of the sun hitting the earth Latent vs. sensible heat  Sensible heat is the change in temperature of an object without a change in state  Latent Heat is the change in temperature which involves a change in state of the object that is being heated o Ice melting when it gets hot

2nd Law of Thermodynamics The entropy of an isolated system always increases  Entropy is the measure of disorder & randomness within a system  This is why heat flow is not spontaneous; the heat seeks to disperse to an object that is less hot. Efficiency = Temperature (hot)-temperature (low) Temperature (hot) Canvas exercise questions – Look over these In class exercise questions – Look over these Know the conversions from Fahrenheit to Celsius.  From F→C = Subtract 32 and multiply by 5/9  From C→F = Multiply by 9/5 and add 32 Memorize basic formulas  Acceleration = VelocityFinal - VelocityInitial / Time  Force = Mass x Acceleration  Velocity = Distance / Time  Work = Force x Distance  Power = Work / Time  KE = ½Mass x Velocity2  GPE = Mass x Height x g...