Jalisco, estado de Mexico que hace tortas ahogadas PDF

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Jalisco, estado de Mexico que hace tortas ahogadas
Jalisco, estado de Mexico que hace tortas ahogadas
Jalisco, estado de Mexico que hace tortas ahogadas...

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Jalisco From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search For the town in Nayarit, see Xalisco. Jalisco State Free and Sovereign State of Jalisco Estado Libre y Soberano de Jalisco (Spanish) Flag of Jalisco Flag Coat of arms of Jalisco Coat of arms Motto(s): Jalisco es México (English: "Jalisco is Mexico") Anthem: "Himno del estado de Jalisco" "Anthem of the state of Jalisco" Jalisco within Mexico Jalisco within Mexico Coordinates: 20°34′ N 103°41′ WCoordinates: 20°34′N 103°41′W Country

Mexico

Municipalities 125 Largest city[1] Zapopan Admission

December 23, 1823[2]

Order 9th Capital Guadalajara Government • Body Congress of Jalisco • Governor

Enrique Alfaro Ramírez

• Senators[3] Clemente Castañeda Hoeflich MC Party (Mexico).svg

Veronica Delgadillo García MC Party (Mexico).svg María Antonia Cárdenas Mariscal Morena logo (Mexico).svg • Deputies[4] Federal Deputies Area[5] • Total 78,588 km2 (30,343 sq mi) Ranked 7th Highest elevation[6] (Nevado de Colima)

4,339 m (14,236 ft)

Population (2020)[7] • Total 8,348,151 • Rank 4th • Density

110/km2 (280/sq mi)

• Density rank 11th Demonym(s)

Jalisciense

Time zone

UTC−6 (CST)

• Summer (DST)

UTC−5 (CDT)

Postal code 44-49 Area code Area codes 1, 2 and 3 ISO 3166 code MX-JAL HDI

Increase 0.788 high Ranked 12th

GDP (nominal) US$ 120,589,080,000 Ranked 4th GDP per capita (nominal) GDP (PPP)

US$ 261,403,061,000

GDP per capita (PPP) Website

US$ 15,371.79

US$ 33,321.70

www.jalisco.gob.mx Edit this at Wikidata

^ a. The state's GDP was 566,809,524 million pesos in 2008,[8] amount corresponding to 44,281,994.06 million dollars, being a dollar worth 12.80 pesos (value of June 3, 2010).[9]

b. The state's flag was officially adopted in 2007[10] Jalisco (/həˈ liː skoʊ /, also /hɑː-, həˈlɪskoʊ/,[11][12] Spanish: [xaˈlisko] (audio speaker iconlisten); Nahuatl: Xalixco), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Jalisco (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Jalisco [esˈtaðo ˈli βɾe i soβeˈɾano ðe xaˈlisko]; Nahuatl: Tlahtohcayotl Xalixco), is one of the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is located in Western Mexico and is bordered by six states which are Nayarit, Zacatecas, Aguascalientes, Guanajuato, Michoacán, and Colima. Jalisco is divided into 125 municipalities, and its capital city is Guadalajara.

Jalisco is one of the most economically and culturally important states in Mexico, owing to its natural resources as well as its long history and culture.[13] Many of the characteristic traits of Mexican culture, particularly outside Mexico City, are originally from Jalisco, such as mariachi, ranchera music, birria, tequila, jaripeo, etc., hence the state's motto: "Jalisco es México." Economically, it is ranked third in the country, with industries centered in the Guadalajara metropolitan area, the third largest metropolitan area in Mexico. The state is home to two significant indigenous populations, the Huichols and the Nahuas. There is also a significant foreign population, mostly from the United States and Canada, living in the Lake Chapala and Puerto Vallarta areas.[14][15][16]

Contents 1

Geography and environment

2

Climate

3

Demographics

4

Government and regions

5

History

5.1

Nomenclature and seal

5.2

Pre-Hispanic period

5.3

Colonial period

5.4

Independence

5.5

Mexican Revolution to present

6

Tourism

7

Culture

7.1

"Jalisco is Mexico"

7.2

Mariachi and other music

7.3

Traditional clothing and dance

7.4

Tequila

7.5

Cuisine

7.6

Catholic faith

8

Economy

9

Education

10

Communication

11

Infrastructure

11.1

Media

11.2

Transport

12

Sports

13

Twinning and covenants

14

See also

15

References

16

External links

Geography and environment With a total area of 78,599 square kilometers (30,347 sq mi), Jalisco is the seventh-largest state in Mexico, accounting for 4.1% of the country's territory.[17][18][19] The state is in the central western coast of the country, bordering the states of Nayarit, Zacatecas, Aguascalientes, Guanajuato, Colima and Michoacán with 342 kilometers (213 mi) of coastline on the Pacific Ocean to the west.[17][19]

Jalisco is made up of a diverse terrain that includes forests, beaches, plains, and lakes.[20] Altitudes in the state vary from 0 to 4,300 meters (0 to 14,110 ft) above sea level, from the coast to the top of the Nevado de Colima.[21][22] The Jalisco area contains all five of Mexico's natural ecosystems: arid and semi arid scrublands, tropical evergreen forests, tropical deciduous and thorn forests, grasslands and mesquite grasslands, and temperate forests with oaks, pines and firs.[22] Over 52% of the bird species found in Mexico live in the state, with 525, 40% of Mexico's mammals with 173 and 18% of its reptile species. There are also 7,500 species of veined plants. One reason for its biodiversity is that it lies in the transition area between the temperate north and tropical south. It also lies at the northern edge of the Sierra Madre del Sur and is on the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, which provides a wide variety of ecological conditions from tropical rainforest conditions to semi arid areas to areas apt for conifer forests.[23]

Its five natural regions are: Northwestern Plains and Sierras, Sierra Madre Occidental, Central Plateau, Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, which covers most of the state, and the Sierra Madre del Sur. [21] It has an average altitude of 1,550 meters (5,090 ft) MASL, but ranges from 0–4,300 m (0– 14,110 ft).[19] Most of the territory is semi-flat between 600–2,050 m (1,970–6,730 ft), followed by rugged terrain of between 900–4,300 m (2,950–14,110 ft) and a small percentage of flat lands between 0–1,750 m (0–5,740 ft). Principal elevations include the Nevado de Colima, the Volcán de Colima, the Sierra El Madroño, the Tequila Volcano, the Sierra Tapalpa, Sierra Los Huicholes, Sierra San Isidro, Sierra Manantlán, Cerro El Tigre, Cerro García, Sierra Lalo, Sierra Cacoma, Cerro Gordo, Sierra Verde, and the Sierra Los Guajolotes.[23]

Jalisco's rivers and streams eventually empty into the Pacific Ocean and are divided into three groups: the Lerma/Santiago River and its tributaries, rivers that empty directly into the Pacific and rivers in the south of the state.[23] Jalisco has several river basins with the most notable being that of the Lerma/Santiago River, which drains the northern and northeastern parts of the state.[21] The Lerma River enters extends from the State of Mexico and empties into Lake Chapala on the east side. On the west, water flows out in the Santiago River, which crosses the center of Jalisco on its way to the Pacific, carving deep canyons in the land.[22][23] Tributaries to the Santiago River include the Zula, the Verde River, the Juchipila and the Bolaños. About three quarters of the state's population lives near this river system.[23] In the southwest of the state, there are a number of small rivers that empty directly into the Pacific Ocean. The most important of these is the Ameca, with its one main tributary, the Mascota River. This river forms the state's border with Nayarit and empties into the Ipala Bay.[23] The Tomatlán, San Nicolás, Purificación, Marabasco-Minatitlán, Ayuquila, Tuxcacuesco, Armería and Tuxpan rivers flow almost perpendicular to the Pacific Ocean and drain the coastal area.[21] Another river of this group is the Cihuatlán River, which forms the boundary between Jalisco and Colima emptying into the Barra de Navidad Bay.[23] The southeastern corner belongs to the Balsas River basin.[21] This includes the Ayuqila and Tuxcacuesco, which join to form the Armería and the Tuxpan.[23]

Along the shore of Lake Chapala The other main surface water is Lake Chapala, and is the largest and most important freshwater lake in Mexico, accounting for about half of the country's lake surface. The lake acts as a regulator of the flow of both the Lerma and Santiago Rivers.[23] There are a number of seasonal and salty lakes linking to form the Zacoalco-Sayula land-locked system.[21] There are other smaller lakes called Cajititlán, Sayula, San Marcos, and Atotonilco. Dams include the Cajón de Peña, Santa Rosa, La Vega, Tacotán and Las Piedras. Jalisco's surface water accounts for fifteen percent of the surface freshwater in Mexico.[23]

In 1987, four beaches in Jalisco were designated as federal marine turtle sanctuaries: El Tecuán, Cuitzmala, Teopa and Playón de Mismaloya, with an extension of 8 km (5.0 mi).[23] Playa Majahuitas is 27 km (17 mi) southwest of Puerto Vallarta with a rugged coastline, numerous inlets and outcroppings. The Cañon Submarino underwater canyon is located offshore. Chamela Bay has the greatest number of islets in Mexico, many of which are inhabited by numerous bird species. [24]

Near the Primavera Forest Jalisco has eight areas under conservation measures totaling 208,653.8 hectares. Two contains scientific research centers. These areas cover 4.8% of the state and only one, the Sierra de Manantlán Biosphere Reserve accounts for sixty percent of all legally protected land at 139,500 hectares. The other protected areas include the Chamela-Cuitzmala Bioshere Reserve (13,143 hectares), Volcán Nevado de Colima National Park (10,143 hectares), Bosque de la Primavera (30,500 hectares), Sierra de Quila (15,1923 hectares) and the Marine Turtle Protection Zone (175.8 hectares).[23]

Thirteen plant communities are present in the state. Forty five to fifty percent of the state is characterized by deciduous and sub-deciduous forests. They occur along the coastal plains as well as in canyons in the central part of the state from sea level to 1600masl. Some areas, scattered within the tropical sub-deciduous forest along the coastal plains, are dominated by palms. Conifer and oak forests are most common in the highlands between 800 and 3,400masl, covering about one fourth of the state's surface.[21] One major conifer and oak forest is the Primavera Forest.[22] Pine dominated areas in lower elevations are only found in the western corner of the state. Cloud and fir-dominated forests are restricted to ravines and protected steep slopes within the conifer and oak forest zones.[21] Jalisco's cloud forests include the Bosque de Maples and those on El Cerro de Manantlán.[22] Savannas are found between 400 and 800 meters above sea level in the area the slopes towards the Pacific Ocean. These grasslands are a transition area between the tropical sub-deciduous forest and oak forest. The thorn forest includes an area of the coastal plains in the western part of the state as well as an area dominated by mesquite within the tropical deciduous forest. Grasslands are restricted to the northeastern corner interspersed with xerophilous scrub. There are mangroves along the ocean where waves are gentle. Beach and frontal dune vegetation dominates the rest of the coastline.[21]

Climate Aerial view of a sunny day near Mascota View of a sunny day near Mascota, Jalisco in January

Most of the state has a temperate climate with humid summers which are tropical. There is a distinct rainy season from June to October.[21] The climate can be divided into 29 different zones from hot to cold and from very dry to semi moist. In most of the state, most of the rain falls between February.[23]

The coastal area receives the most precipitation and has the warmest temperatures, at an average of between 22 and 26 °C and an average precipitation of about 2,000 mm annually.[23] In the north and northwest, a dry climate predominates with average temperatures of between 10 and 18 °C, and average annual precipitation between 300 and 1,000 mm. The center of the state has three different climates, but all are mostly temperate with an average temperature of 19 °C and an average rainfall of between 700 and 1000 mm.[23] The northeastern corner and coastal plains of Tomatlán are the driest areas with less than 500 mm annually.[21] Los Altos de Jalisco region has a number of microclimates due to the rugged terrain. The area is mostly dry with an average temperature of 18 °C except in the north, where it fluctuates between 18 and 22 °C.[23] In the highlands, the average temperature is less than 18 °C.[21]

In various parts of the state there are areas with a semi-moist, temperate climate, some with average temperatures of between 10 and 18 °C and others of between 18 and 22 °C.[23]

In the highlands of the Sierra de Manantlán, Cacaola, Tepetates and Mascota near the coastal plains there is the most rainfall reaching 1600 mm per year. In the highlands, the average temperature is less than 18 °C.[21]

On October 23, 2015, Jalisco was hit by Hurricane Patricia. This was the second most intense hurricane ever registered and made landfall near Cuixmala, Jalisco. Though it began as a tropical storm, unusual environmental conditions strengthened Patricia to become a Category 5 Hurricane within 24 hours, with winds of 345 km/h (96 m/s; 214 mph).[25] The mountains surrounding the area of landfall acted as a barrier that weakened the hurricane before it finally hit ground at 150 mph (240 km/h). Security measures were implemented in time and Official Emergency Messages[26] were released to keep citizens and tourists in dangerous areas properly informed. Despite losing strength, Hurricane Patricia caused severe material damage, flooding and landslides; but there were no deaths reported related to the storm in any region affected.

Demographics Historical population Year

Pop.

±%

1895

1,114,765

—

1900

1,153,891

+3.5%

1910

1,208,855

+4.8%

1921

1,191,957

−1.4%

1930

1,255,346

+5.3%

1940

1,418,310

+13.0%

1950

1,746,777

+23.2%

1960

2,443,261

+39.9%

1970

3,296,586

+34.9%

1980

4,371,998

+32.6%

1990

5,302,689

+21.3%

1995

5,991,176

+13.0%

2000

6,322,002

+5.5%

2005

6,752,113

+6.8%

2010

7,350,682

+8.9%

2015

7,844,830

+6.7%

2020[7]8,348,151

+6.4%

A Wixárika man making a beaded jaguar head As of 2020, the state population was 8,348,151,[27] the fourth most populated federal entity in Mexico—after the State of Mexico, Mexico City, and Veracruz—with 6.5% of Mexico's total population.[18][28] Over half of the state's population lives in the Guadalajara metro area. Of the over 12,000 communities in the state, over 8,700 have a population of under fifty.[29] 87% of the population lives in urban centers compared to 78% nationally.[30]

Despite the fact that the number of children per woman has dropped by more than half from a high of 6.8 in 1970, the total population has grown from 5,991,175 in 1995 to the present number. [29] One important factor in population growth is migration into the state. Since 1995, over 22% of the state population was born somewhere else. About three quarters of these live in the Greater Guadalajara area. Most of those who migrate into the state are either from Michoacán, Mexico City, State of Mexico, Sinaloa, or Baja California.[29][31]

The state ranks third in socioeconomic factors. As of 2010, there were 1,801,306 housing units in the state. 94.2% have running water, 97.4% have sewerage, and 99% have electricity. 25% of households are headed by women, with 65.6% occupied by nuclear families. 22.2% are occupied by extended families.[32]

There is also emigration from the state, mostly to the United States. Jalisco is ranked seventh in Mexico for the number of people who leave for the United States.[29][33] As of 2000, 27 of every 1000 residents lived in the United States, higher than the national average of 16 per 1000.[31] [failed verification] Those who stay within Mexico generally head to Nayarit, Baja California, Colima, Michoacán and Guanajuato.[31] There are no official numbers for ethnic groups but as of 2005, the state has a population of 42,372 people who spoke an indigenous language.[29] Eight out of every 1000 people speak an indigenous language, above the national average of six per 1000.[18] As of 2010, the most common indigenous language is Huichol with 18,409 speakers, followed by Nahuatl at 11,650, then Purépecha at 3,960 and variations of Mixtec at 2,001. In total, 51,702 people over the age of five speak an indigenous language, which is less than one percent of the total population of the state. Of these indigenous speakers, fourteen percent do not speak Spanish.[34] Municipalities with the highest indigenous population in general are Mezquitic, Zapopan and Guadalajara. Zapopan's and Guadalajara's indigenous population is mostly made up of those who have migrated to the area for work.[29]

The Huichols are concentrated in the municipalities of Mezquitic and Bolaños in the north of the state. In this same area are four of this ethnicity's most important ceremonial centers, San Andrés Cohamiata, Santa Catarina Cuexcomatitlán, San Sebastián Teponahuaxtlán and Tuxpan de Bolaños. The fifth, Guadalupe Octán, is in Nayarit.[29] The Huichols are of the same ethnic heritage as the Aztecs and speak a Uto-Aztecan language. They are best known for the preservation of their pre Hispanic shamanic traditions. The Huichol romanticize their past, when game was plentiful and they were free to roam the vast mountain ranges and deserts of their homeland. This was a time of freedom for them, before they became tethered to the growing of maize. Agriculture is difficult in the mountainous areas where they live. Elaborate ceremonies are enacted to help ensure crops’ success. There are three basic elements in Huichol religion, which are corn, deer and the peyote cactus. Peyote is obtained by a yearly pilgrimage to an area called Wirikuta, where it is harvested with great ceremony.[35]

Another distinct group living in the state is foreign temporary residents or expats, the overwhelming majority of which are from the United States and Canada, concentrated in and around the small town of Ajijic by Lake Chapala.[24] The Lake Chapala area has the largest population of Americans outside of the United States. The phenomenon began at the beginning of the 20th century. Cars with U.S. plates are not uncommon and many signs are in English and Spanish. There are no official numbers but the number of ex-pats in the area is estimated at 20,000. Half of these are from the US with most of the rest from Canada and some from European and Asian countries. Most are retirees, although there is a notable artist community. In the winter,

the number of foreigners in the area can reach 50,000.[36] Another area popular with foreigners is Lagos de Moreno.[20]

According to the 2020 Census, 1.67% of Jalisco's population ...