JRNL Final Exam Study Guide PDF

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The roles of journalism: Monitor of power; The watchdog role ● Press should give voice to the voiceless ● 1964: Introduction of Pulitzer in Investigative Journalism ● Vietnam War ○ ● Difference in journalistic coverage about Vietnam compared to World War 2 ● Watergate in the late 1960’s Press is an independent monitor of power ○ Does not mean pandering or being an ideologue ○ Making the government more transparent ● Watchdog of power: ○ Be FOR the voiceless ● Historically, always existed ● Massachusetts Spy; New England Courant ○ Watching the tea party ● Partisan Press (19th century) ○ Monitoring each other ● Muckrakers (20th century) ● Non-profit journalism (21st century) ○ Tends to be investigative journalism ○ However does not have to be investigative ● Watchdog now ○ weakened ■ Don’t need to see information first ■ Mediation ■ Financial resources ○ Less investigative reporting ○ More push towards health/safety ■ Not really watchdoging people in power ■ Creates paranoia ○ Leads to argument culture ■ Weakens democracy ■ Polarizes everything

■ “2 sides” 2. Court cases involving prior restraint ● Near VS Minnesota (1931) ○ Main prior restraint case ○ Near was racist; said “jewish gangs” were ruling the city ○ Predates NY Times VS Sullivan (1964) ● Important: ○ Not letting the government control the press 3. The Tasks of Journalism a. Verification b. Sensemaking c. Bear witness d. Watchdog e. Intelligent Aggregator f. Forum Leader g. Empowerer h. Role Model i. Community Builder 4. Laws designed to assist in watchdogging/monitoring ● Freedom of Information Act/ Sunshine Laws ○ ANY citizen can go look at government issued papers ■ Allow access to: ● Government data ● Government meetings ● Availability of budgets, meeting minutes 5. Types of investigative journalism Original Investigative reporting - Uncovers issues; brings new info to light - Like muckraking - Examples - “The Jungle” by Upton Sinclair - “Silent Spring” by Rachel Carlson - Las Vegas Sun “Do No Harm” series Interpretive Investigative reporting - Giving information to the public in a different way - Ex. pentagon papers-- journalists had to interpret - NYT series on social class - Chicago tribune piece on defibrillators on planes Reporting on investigations - Relaying information on a separate investigation - Ex. Mueller investigation - Clinton impeachment - Atlanta olympic bombing Investigative reporting as prosecution

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There is a moral decision to investigative reporting Need to be sure I.e. watergate because watergate was 100’s of stories published over time. Things take time. Most investigative pieces are multiple stories. Muckrakers ● Muckrakers are an example of watchdog (early 20th century) ○ Monitoring factories; worker safety; voice to social issues Dayparting ● Definition: a practice of dividing the broadcast day into several parts, in which a different type of radio or television program apropos for that time period is aired The history of digital journalism ● Old model of journalism (printed news) became “obsolete” due to digital media ○ in 2009 San Francisco Chronicle c harged $2 for the paper, but it costed $10 to print ● Marriage of ads and news ○ Turning/inflection point 1994, news went digital ○ Newspapers didn’t put up paywalls which f****d them ○ Lack of innovation within digital media ● Innovations that led to less lucrative advertising ○ Craigslist/Ebay(2000) ○ Google ○ Blogs ○ Youtube ○ 2004 was the “Crunch year” for journalism Definition of media ● All entities sending and receiving messages on a mass scale ● News media: the same definition as above, but the content shared is what we consider news Current journalism market models ● Ad revenue decreasing ● Tons of investment in news/ content production ● No one model ● Must diversify revenue streams ● Optimization everywhere ● Growth in reporting jobs ● Market Model vs Public Sphere Model Funding techniques (business strategies) ● Paid content ○ Paying monthly for content ○ Only difference, some places let you pay for 1 article ○ Wall street journal earliest to use pay wall and work ■ More value ad; target consumers; content that no one else has ● Subscription service ● Hybrid model

○ Some free, some behind a paywall ○ More detailed information behind a paywall ○ Like youtube RED and ESPN + ○ Different price points ● Tiered model ○ X amount of articles for free, then start paying; invite readers in ■ New York Times 12. Types of digital sites ● Walled Gardens ○ Early days of the internet ■ America Online ● Chat rooms and subscribers ● Aggregation ○ Google news; Buzzfeed ○ Grabbing news based on your interest ● SEO ○ Search Engine Optimization ○ Different ways to monetize ○ Use headline to make it to the top of search engines ● Hyperlocal ○ Super focused content and specified for one town ○ Socio economics; personal ● Dayparting ○ Choosing a time of day for content ○ Always changing ● Reclaiming classifieds ● Distributed media ○ apps, widgets 13. The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) ● England’s PBS ● 100% government and taxpayer funded ● BBC’s Trust: ○ Sustain citizenship and civil society ○ Promote education and learning ○ Stimulate creativity and cultural experience ○ Represent the UK, nations, regions and communities ○ Bring the UK to the world and the world to the UK ○ Help to deliver to the public the benefit of emerging communication technologies and services and take a leadership role in the switchover to digital television 14. Horizontal Integration vs. Vertical Integration ● Horizontal Integration ○ Business that owns similar businesses ○ Examples: Hearst CO.

■ Newspapers ■ Magazines ■ TV and radio stations ■ Cable channels ■ ■ “\]]\[];Book publishers ■ Websites ● Vertical Integration ○ Controlling entire means of production ○ Examples: ■ Comcast ● Cable ● Internet ● UBC universal ● Skynet ■ Universal Pictures ● Theme parks ● Disney ○ Horizontal and Vertical Integration ■ EVERYTHING ○ Control ○ Has very little reason to innovate or take chances ■ Low risk; low money 15. Dual-product model (again!) ● Mcdonalds success ○ Sell to advertisers and citizens ○ Only measure success by sales ○ Why do they advertise ■ Top of mind ■ New products ● News Organizations ○ Have to sell to two audiences- public and advertisers ○ Needs VS wants ○ Please advertising ● Quantify success for journalists ○ Stories ○ Awards ○ Profit of organization ● News is sold to you, and your attention is sold to advertisers 16. Where we are now with journalism jobs ● Growth in reporting jobs: ○ Local news ○ Investigative journalism ○ Sports

○ International news ○ Feature stories 17. Storytelling and digital journalism (Syria Deeply) https://www.newsdeeply.com/syria If anyone cares to look at the multimedia journalism example! ● “Advanced sensemaking” ● Syria Deeply ○ Allowed viewers to click on different types of content ○ Consume information in ways that help others ○ Contextualized information to make sense; curated contextual content ○ “Choose your own adventure” ○ Multipoint destination ○ 1/4 original reporting ○ Inverted pyramid ● Storytelling ○ Must make the stories significant, interesting, and relevant ○ People want to be informed and entertained ○ Storytelling with a PURPOSE ○ Difficulties: ■ Habit ■ Haste ■ Ignorance ■ Laziness ■ Formula ■ Bias ■ Cultural blindness ■ Shallow grasp of topic ■ Lack of skill 18. Infotainment and Sensationalism ● 24 hour news cycle ● Beginnings of true-crime, such as Jonbenet Ramsey ○ Turn them into soap operas ● Gary Condit and Chandra Levy ○ Chandra disappeared; had an affair, was murdered ○ Ruined his life ● “Infotainment is to somehow present the story as a secret” ● Dulls the want for actual journalism: more than half of people who watch broadcast news don’t care where it comes from ● Who is the audience: ○ What should they know? ■ What is the story really about? ■ Who does this story or these facts affect and how? ■ Who has the information and who can put it into context? SOURCES ■ What’s the best way to tell this story?

Stakeholders: ○ Anybody the story affects ○ Stakeholder wheel ○ Example: Education ■ Students ■ Parents ■ Teachers ■ Taxpayers ■ School board ■ Local businesses ○ More stakeholders=BETTER stories 19. Engagement techniques ● Who ○ The main character ● What ○ The plot ● When ○ What happens ● Where ○ Setting ● Why ○ Why did this happen? ● How ○ Narrative ● Quotes ○ Dialogue ● ‘ ○ Hourglass ○ Q&A ○ Butch Ward’s Dining Table ■ Story like a dinner conversation ○ Story as experience ○ Metaphor ○ The reveal ■ withholding information until the end ○ Detail Makes news active, not static, always changing 20. The Citizens’ Bill of Rights 1. On truthfulness 2. On loyalty to citizens 3. On independence 4. On monitoring power 5. A public forum 6. On proportionality and engagement ●

21. Journal Register Co. ● Filed for bankruptcy in 2009 ● “John (Paton) came in and immediately went digital first”- Jon Cooper ● The Register Citizen ○ Cafe, public lounge, free wifi, open newsroom meetings, 3,200+ training sessions for journalists to become more digitally savvy 22. Hyperlocal sites (examples of) ● Patch.com (AOL): laptop, digital camera, cellphone, police scanner ○ Prioritized places with money (suburbs) ■ Advertisers more willing to spend ■ Not mom and pop ○ One reporter per place ● Spot.us ○ Potential stories get funded ○ Giving audience the power ○ Too specific ● PROS AND CONS ○ Pro: great idea of who you’re talking to, less competition with national market, less expensive ○ Con: hard to reach beyond mom and pop advertisers, less national reach

Four Trends in Developing New News 1. Payment for web access to news 2. New funding models 3. Responding to web analytics 4. New approaches to local news Steps to make sure engagement= democracy 1. Transparency 2. Seeking out community members 3. Listening to the public reaction New Media Ecosystem 1. Legacy Media- papers, TV, broadcast radio 2. Aggregators- Apple news, etc. they bring in the news, not create it 3. Personalized blogs and single issue deep dives 4. Disruptors- Propublica, nonprofits, Buzzfeed, etc....