K101 Final Exam Study Guide F21 PDF

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Final Exam Study Guide from F21 Semester...

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K101 Final Exam Study Guide, SP21. 208 Questions, you supply the answers! Your Final Exam (140 points) will consist of 90 questions directly as written from this study guide (ie: This IS your final). 50 questions are 2 points each; 40 questions are 1 point each = 140 points. Feel free to work in teams to determine the correct answers; don’t trust answers from unknown sources! Unit 1: The Chemistry of Life —> Ch. 4 – Organic Molecules 1. In a single molecule of water, the two hydrogen atoms are bonded to a single oxygen atom by a. polar covalent bonds. b. ionic bonds. c. hydrogen bonds. d. nonpolar covalent bonds. 2. Stanley Miller's 1953 experiments demonstrated conclusively that a. life arose on Earth from simple organic molecules, with energy from lightning and volcanoes. b. the conditions on early Earth were conducive to the origin of life. c. life arose on Earth 3.8 billion years ago from simple inorganic molecules. d. organic molecules can be synthesized abiotically under conditions that may have existed on early Earth. e. the conditions on early Earth were conducive to the abiotic synthesis of organic molecules. 3. What do the four ‘elements of life’ -carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen-have in common? a. They are equal in electronegativity b. They are elements produced only by living cells c. They all have the same number of valence electrons d. Each element exists in only one isotopic form e. They all have unpaired electrons in their valence shells. 4. Using the functional group diagram at right answer A – E which of the following is incorrectly matched?: a. A = amino group b. B = thiol group c. C = carbonyl (aldehyde) d. D= organic phosphate e. E= carboxyl group 5. Water is able to form hydrogen bonds because a. the oxygen atom in a water molecule has a weak positive charge. b. each of the hydrogen atoms in a water molecule is weakly negative in charge. c. oxygen has a valence of 2. d. the water molecule is shaped like a tetrahedron. e. the bonds that hold together the atoms in a water molecule are polar covalent bonds. 6. Which functional group shown at right is: i) is an acidic functional group that can release H+ into a solution? ii) a basic functional group that can accept H+? iii) can exist as a ketone or aldehyde configuration? iv) a characteristic of alcohols? v) helps stabilize proteins by forming covalent cross-links within or between protein molecules? Ch. 5 – Macromolecules 7. Which modifications of fatty acids will best keep triglycerides solid at warmer temperatures? a. adding hydrogens and trans double bonds to the fatty acids b. adding cis double bonds and trans double bonds to the fatty acids c. creating cis double bonds to the fatty acids d. adding hydrogens to the fatty acids e. creating trans double bonds to the fatty acids 1

8. A comparison of saturated and naturally occurring unsaturated fats reveals that the unsaturated fats are __________ at room temperature and have _______: a. Solids; cis double bonds b. Liquids; trans double bonds c. Liquids; single bonds d. Liquids; cis double bonds e. Solids; single bonds 9. A molecule with four joined rings that is the precursor of vertebrate sex hormones (See Box 4.in figure below) and is also found in the vertebrate phospholipid bilayer is: a. estrogen b. testosterone c. glycerol d. cholesterol e. a phospholipid 10. A molecule with the formula C18H36O2 is probably a __, where one with the formula C6H12O6 is probably a ___ a. carbohydrate and fatty acid, respectively b. fatty acid and monosaccharide, respectively c. protein and monosaccharide, respectively. d. nucleic acid and fatty acid, respectively. e. fatty acid and nucleotide, respectively 11. Match the molecules shown below and to the right a. cholesterol. b. dipeptide. c. saturated fatty acid. d. polyunsaturated fatty acid. e. glucose. 1.

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4. 5. 12. Which of the following statements is/are true regarding chemical reaction (5) illustrated above? a. It is a hydrolysis reaction. b. It results in a peptide bond. c. It joins two fatty acids together. d. It is a hydrolysis reaction and it results in a peptide bond. e. It is a hydrolysis reaction, it results in a peptide bond, and it joins two fatty acids together. 13. A bond that forms by joining monomers (such as nucleotides or amino acids) into polymers (such as DNA or insulin) is a(n): a. Hydrogen bond b. Ionic bond c. Peptide bond d. Covalent bond 2

14. Polysaccharides, triacylglycerides, and proteins are similar in that they a. are synthesized from monomers by the process of hydrolysis. b. are decomposed into their subunits by dehydration reactions. c. all contain nitrogen in their monomer building blocks. d. are synthesized from subunits by dehydration reactions. e. are synthesized as a result of peptide bond formation between monomers. Unit 2: The Cell —> Chapters 6-10, Cells through Photosynthesis Ch. 6 – 7 Cells & Membranes 15. Match the following parts of the cell to its function i) Nucleus a. Sorting of proteins targeted for extracellular secretion ii) Mitochondria b. Site of cell-cell adhesion and cell recognition iii) Nucleolis c. Site of transcription of mRNA and tRNA for protein synthesis iv) Rough ER d. Synthesis of the steroid hormone testosterone v) Golgi apparatus e. Synthesis of ATP via oxidative phosphorylation vi) Lysosome f. Site of rRNA for protein synthesis vii) Smooth ER g. Intercellular digestion viii) Extracellular Matrix h. Synthesis of the insulin receptor, a transmembrane glycoprotein 16. Proteins that are manufactured for secretion (export from the cell): a. are made in the cytosol and transported across the ER membrane b. are threaded through special pores in the plasma membrane c. are made in the smooth ER and packaged in transport vesicles d. have carbohydrates covalently added when the proteins are in transport vesicles e. are made in the rough ER and packaged in transport vesicles 17. Mammalian blood contains the equivalent of 0.15 M NaCl. Seawater contains the equivalent of 0.45 M NaCl. What will happen if red blood cells are transferred to seawater? a. The blood cells will take up water, swell, and eventually burst. b. NaCl will passively diffuse into the red blood cells. c. Water will leave the cells, causing them to shrivel and collapse. d. NaCl will be exported from the red blood cells by facilitated diffusion. e. The blood cells will expend ATP for active B C transport of NaCl into the cytoplasm. A 18. All of the following are functions of integral membrane proteins except a. Synthesis of hormones. b. Active transport of ions. c. Cell – cell adhesion. d. Reception of hormone signals like epinephrine. E e. Attachment to the extracellular membrane. D 19. Match the components of the plasma membrane with the letters in the figure at right. F a. Cholesterol b. Glycolipid c. Integral Membrane Protein d. Peripheral Membrane Protein e. Glycoprotein –

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Ch. 8 - ATP & ENERGY 20. Which of the following types of reactions would decrease the entropy within a cell? a. anabolic reactions b. hydrolysis c. respiration d. digestion e. catabolic reactions 21. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Why is ATP an important molecule in metabolism? a. Its hydrolysis provides an input of free energy for exergonic reactions. b. It provides energy coupling between exergonic and endergonic reactions. c. Its terminal phosphate group has unusually strong covalent bonds that generate free energy. 22. Increasing the substrate concentration in a reaction could overcome which of the following? a. denaturation of the enzyme b. allosteric inhibition c. competitive inhibition d. saturation of the enzyme activity e. insufficient cofactors 23. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: The primary way that cells do work is called energy coupling, using ATP. Which statements below statements accurately defines energy coupling? a. Anabolic reactions drive catabolic reactions. b. Exergonic reactions drive endergonic reactions. c. Endergonic reactions drive exergonic reactions. d. ATP hydrolysis releases free energy that can be coupled to an endergonic reaction via the formation of a phosphorylated intermediate. e. Endergonic and exergonic reactions occur independently of each other. 24. The general name for an enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein is a. phosphorylase. b. phosphatase. c. protein kinase. d. ATPase. e. protease. Ch. 9 & 10 – Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis 25. In liver cells, the inner mitochondrial membranes are about five times the area of the outer mitochondrial membranes. What purpose must this serve? a. It allows for an increased rate of glycolysis. b. It allows for an increased rate of the citric acid cycle. c. It increases the surface area for oxidative phosphorylation. d. It increases the surface for substrate-level phosphorylation. e. It allows the liver cell to have fewer mitochondria. 26. Why is the Calvin cycle said to be dependent on the light reactions? a. The light reactions generate the molecular oxygen needed for the production of sugars in the Calvin cycle. b. G3P produced in the light reactions is oxidized in the Calvin cycle. c. The light reactions produce the ATP energy and NADPH for sugar production in the Calvin cycle. d. RuBP produced in the light reactions facilitates CO2 fixation in the Calvin cycle. e. Photons of light that are byproducts of the light reactions provide the energy for the Calvin cycle. 27. One function of alcohol and lactic acid fermentation is to a. reduce NAD+ to NADH. b. reduce FAD+ to FADH2. c. oxidize NADH to NAD+. d. reduce FADH2 to FAD+. 4

28. When skeletal muscle cells undergo anaerobic respiration, they become fatigued and painful. This is now known to be caused by a. buildup of pyruvate. b. buildup of lactate. c. increase in sodium ions. d. increase in potassium ions. e. increase in ethanol. 29. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of the 4 kinase enzymes in glycolysis might be the enzyme shown below? a. Hexokinase b. Pyruvate Kinase (PK) c. Phosphofructokinase (PFK) d. Phosphoglycerokinase (PGK) 30. Photosynthesis and respiration: Match with the correct location in the cell a. Krebs cycle i) Thylakoid membrane b. Calvin cycle ii) Thylakoid lumen c. Light reactions iii) Mitochondrial inner membrane space d. Proton Gradient in aerobic respiration iv) Chloroplast stroma e. Proton Gradient in light reactions v) Mitochondrial matrix 31. Substrate-level phosphorylation accounts for approximately what percentage of the ATP formed during glycolysis? a. 0% b. 2% c. 10% d. 38% e. 100% 32. A C4 plant initially fixes CO2 into ____ where a C3 plant fixes CO2 into _______ a. Oxaloacetic acid using PEP carboxylase, PGA using Rubisco. b. G3P using PEP carboxylase, PGA using Rubisco c. Malic acid using Rubisco, PGA using PEP carboxylase. d. RuBP using Rubisco, Oxaloacetic acid using PEP carboxylase e. ATP using PEP carboxylase, PGA using Rubisco. 33. Which of the following statements describes the results of this reaction? 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 a. C6H12O6 is oxidized and O2 is reduced. b. O2 is oxidized and H2O is reduced. c. CO2 is reduced and O2 is oxidized. d. CO2 is reduced and H2O is oxidized. e. O2 is reduced and CO2 is oxidized. 34. The oxygen consumed during aerobic cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event? a. glycolysis b. accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain c. the citric acid cycle d. the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA e. the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP 35. Which of the following is NOT true about Rubisco? a. It is a carboxylase b. It is an oxygenase c. It is a kinase d. It is the most abundant protein in the world e. It fixes carbon dioxide into an organic form 5

Unit 3: Genetics —> Chapters 11-15, Cell signaling through Genetics (18 questions) Ch. 11 – Cell Communication 36. Up to 60% of all medicines used today influence what structures in the cell membrane? a. Receptor tyrosine-kinases b. Epinephrine receptors c. Growth factors d. G-protein linked receptors e. Steroid hormone receptors 37. How does adenylyl cyclase help transmit signals within a cell? a. Adenylyl cyclase converts cAMP to phosphodiesterase, which then amplifies the signal throughout the cell. b. Adenylyl cyclase activates a G protein after binding to an extracellular ligand. c. Adenylyl cyclase activates phospholipase C, releasing IP3and DAG from membrane lipids. d. Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP, which then amplifies the signal throughout the cell. e. Adenylyl cyclase is responsible for the initial dimerization of R-TK proteins . 38. MATCHING: Match the following components related to cell signaling a. Epinephrine 1. Adenylyl cyclase b. Intergral membrane protein receptor 2. G-Protein c. Intergral membrane protein enzyme 3. GPCR d. Peripheral membrane protein that binds GTP 4. cAMP e. Second messenger generated from ATP 5. Ligand 39. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are found at high levels on various cancer cells. A protein, Herceptin, has been found to bind to an RTK known as HER2 if which of the following is true? a. If Herceptin is found in the breast lymph nodes of the patient. b. If HER2, administered by injection, is in sufficient concentration. c. If the patient's breast cancer cells have detectable HER2. d. If the patient's genome codes for the HER2 receptor. e. If the patient's genome codes for the manufacture of Herceptin. 1. Phosphodiesterase 40. MATCHING: Enzyme Roundup: Cell Signalling 2. Phospholipase C a. Converts ATP to cAMP after G-protein signalling 3. Receptor Tyrosine Kinase b. Converts cAMP to AMP; inhibited by caffeine 4. Adenylyl Cyclase c. Converts membrane lipids to IP3 and DAG d. Phosphorylates relay molecules after activation and dimerization 41. The activation of receptor tyrosine kinases (R-TKs) is always characterized by a. Dimerization and auto-phosphorylation. b. Activation of adenylyl cyclase c. A phosphorylation cascade. d. GTP hydrolysis. e. Phosphorylation of Protein Kinase A . Ch12 & 13 - Mitosis & Meiosis 42. If the DNA content of a diploid cell in the G1 phase of the cell cycle is x, then the DNA content of the same cell at metaphase of meiosis I would be a. 0.25x. b. 0.5x. c. x. d. 2x. e. 4x.

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43. If the cell whose nuclear material is shown at right continues toward completion of mitosis, which of the following events would occur next? a. cell membrane synthesis b. spindle fiber formation c. nuclear envelope breakdown d. formation of telophase nuclei e. synthesis of chromatids 44. Observations of cancer cells in culture support the hypothesis that cancer cells _____ a. have altered plasma membranes and cytoskeletal proteins b. have mutations or deletions in tumor suppressors like p53 c. have the ability to stimulate new blood vessel formation d. do not exhibit density-dependent inhibition of growth e. all of the above 45. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of the following occurs in meiosis, but not mitosis? a. The cells formed have the same combination of genes as found in the initial cell. b. Homologous chromosomes separate. c. The nuclear envelope disappears. d. Sister chromatids undergo disjunction. e. A spindle apparatus forms. 46. In a plant with a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 46, how many pairs of homologous chromosomes are present in a cell that has just entered Meiosis II? (We want everyone correct!) a. 0 b. 2 c. 23 d. 46 47. Using a microscope to examine the skin cells from a female, it is apparent that each nucleus has two Barr bodies. From this karyotype, it can be concluded that the woman’s chromosomal condition is a. 47, XXX b. 46, XX c. 45, XX d. 45, XO e. 47, XXY 48. At what stage of meiosis do cells become haploid? a. Prophase I b. Prophase II c. Telophase I d. Telophase II 49. After Telophase I of meiosis, the chromosomal makeup of each daughter cell is a. diploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of a single chromatid. b. diploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids. c. haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of a single chromatid. d. haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids. e. tetraploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids. 50. Homologous chromosomes synapse or pair during: a. anaphase I. b. prophase I. c. anaphase II. d. telophase II. e. prophase II. 7

Ch14 and 15- Genetics 51. Mendel's law of independent assortment has its basis in which of the following events of meiosis? a. synapsis of homologous chromosomes b. crossing over in prophase c. alignment of tetrads at the equator in metaphase d. separation of homologs at anaphase e. separation of cells at telophase 52. In a population with two alleles for cystic fibrosis, C and c, the frequency the recessive allele is 0.6. What percent of the population would be heterozygous carriers for cystic fibrosis if the population is in HardyWeinberg equilibrium? a. 16% b. 36% c. 40% d. 48% e. 64% 53. Black fur in mice (B) is dominant to brown fur (b). Short tails (T) are dominant to long tails (t). What fraction of the progeny of crosses BbTt × BBtt will be expected to have black fur and long tails? a. 1/16 b. 3/16 c. 3/8 d. 1/2 e. 9/16 54. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Blood Type: What are the probabilities for blood types in the offspring of individuals who both have type AB blood? a. Type A = 25% b. Type B = 25% c. Type AB = 25% d. Type AB = 50% e. Type O = 25% 55. Epistasis: A black Labrador retriever (BbEe) is crossed with a chocolate Lab (bbEe). In a litter of 16 F1 puppies, what are the likely proportions of black, chocolate or yellow Labs? a. 9 Black, 3 Chocolate, 4 Yellow b. 8 Black, 4 Chocolate, 4 Yellow c. 6 Black, 2 Chocolate, 8 Yellow d. 6 Black, 6 Chocolate, 4 Yellow e. 8 Black, 6 Chocolate, 2 Yellow 56. Sex linkage: SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Hemophilia is an X-linked, recessive trait. If a male has hemophilia (XfY), and his spouse is heterozygous for blood clotting factors (XFXf), a. There is a 50% chance that their sons will have hemophilia b. There is a 50% chance that their daughters will have hemophilia c. There is a 50% chance that their daughters will be carriers for hemophilia d. All of their daughters will have hemophilia e. All of their sons will have hemophilia 57. Match the following human genetics disorders with their inheritance patterns? Answers (a-e) may be used more than once i) Marfan’s a) Autosomal recessive condition ii) Tay Sachs b) Autosomal dominant condition iii) Cystic Fibrosis c) X-linked condition iv) Hemophilia d) Multifactorial condition v) Achondroplasia vi) Schizophrenia vii) Polydactyly 8

58. Maize (corn) plants are tall if they have the genotype HH or Hh, and they are short if they have genotype hh. If a tall plant is mated with a short plant as a Test Cross, which outcome would indicate that the tall parent corn plant was heterozygous? a. The ratio of tall offspring to short offspring is 1:1. (50%:50%) b. All of the offspring are short. (100%) c. All of the offspring are tall. (100%) d. The ratio of tall offspring to short offspring is 3:1 (75%:25%). 59. The trait found in the individuals is represented by the shaded symbols. Which of the following patterns of transmission for this gene is/are consistent with this pedigree? a. autosomal recessive b. autosomal dominant c. X-linked recessive 60. Cystic fibrosis affects the lungs, the pancreas, the digestive system, and other organs, resulting in a range of symptoms. Which of the following terms best describes this? a. incomplete dominance b. multiple alleles c. pleiotropy d. epistasis e. codominance 61. The pedigree at right shows a family with a disease pattern indicated by shaded symbols. Which of the following patterns of transmission for this gene are consistent with this pedigree? a. autosomal recessive b. autosomal dominant c. X-linked recessive Unit 4: The Molecular Basis of Inheritance —> Chapters 16-19, DNA replication through Viruses Ch. 16 & 17 – DNA Replication, Transcription & Translation 62. A scientist removed the AAC nucleotides at the 3' end of the tRNA corresponding to the amino acid methionine. Which of the following describes the most likely result? a. tRNA will not form a cloverleaf. b. The nearby stem end will pair improperly. c. The amino acid methionine will not be able to bind to the tRNA. d. The anticodon will not bind with the mRNA codon. e. The...