KAS 1 LE1 REVIEWER PDF

Preview

Summary

KAS 1 REVIEWER I. ETYMOLOGY Greek Knowledge obtained from II. DEFINITION E CARR History is the unending dialogue of the past and continuous interaction IBN KHALDUN Al Muqaddimah (The Introduction History is the story of societal changes THOMAS CARLYLE History is nothing but the collection of stories...

Description

KAS 1 REVIEWER

I.

ETYMOLOGY /historia/ - Greek • Knowledge obtained from inquiry/investigation II. DEFINITION ➢ E.H CARR • History is the unending dialogue of the past and present; continuous interaction ➢ IBN KHALDUN • Al – Muqaddimah (The Introduction • History is the story of societal changes ➢ THOMAS CARLYLE • History is nothing but the collection of stories about great men. ➢ EDWARD GIBBON • History is the register of crimes, follies and misfortunes of mankind ➢ JOSE RIZAL • History should focus on achievements

1.

History is a narrative or story about the past a. Deals with what is relevant; (history ≠ past) b. Has 3 elements: people, time & place • People is the most important element while place and time are secondary elements used for context c. History ≠ chronicle d. Has no finality i. Time ii. New evidences/findings Examples: OLDEST CIVILIZATIONS • Sumer – 3500 BC • IVC – 3300 BC – 6000 BC • Egypt – 3100 BC • China – 1600 BC 1953: Sir Martimer Wheeler • 37 remains • Soil erosion; 900 years of drought CLAIMS IN PH HISTORY:

3 July 1892 – La Liga Filipina 7 July 1892 – Katipunan (claims to be started at January 1892) iii. New perspective/interpretation 2. History is the study or discipline about the past a. Deals with what is relevant b. Objective/scientific • based on facts which are obtained from sources using scientific methods c. Subjective • Interpretation/selection of data/topic Examples: WWII – Allies vs. Axis • Allies (US, UK, USSR) • Axis (Germany/Italy/Japan) WWI – Allies vs. Central • Allies - (France, UK, Russia) • Central - (A-H, Germany, Ottoman) Treaty of Brest-Litovsk • Bolshevik – Vladimir (communist gov’t.) ARGUMENTS ON PH HISTORY: PEDRO PATERNO • First Filipino to write a novel, “Ninay” • First illustrado • Negotiator of the Pact of Biak na Bato PH Presidents • Arguments on whose the first president EMILIO AGUINALDO • Traitor not hero • Responsible for the death of Bonifacio & Luna o TEJEROS CONVENTION (re-election) o DANIEL TIRONA (rejected Andres Bonifacio) o ACTA DE TEJEROS (declaration that the only legitimate government is the Katipunan) o CONSEJO DE GUERRA (the person who claimed that • •

Bonifacio and his brothers are guilty of rebellion and must be killed) PRES. MARCOS • Unending dialogue on Martial Law d. Humanities and social sciences • Humanities – human experience • Social sciences – societal changes literature prose

fiction

poetry

nonfiction accuracy/ truth

e. Evolving/growing 19TH CENTURY TRADITIONAL HISTORIOGRAPHY Historiography • Practice of history writing • History of history writing ➢ FOCUS: politics, economy, diplomacy (about great men) ➢ METHOD: POSITIVISM – the belief that knowledge can only be generated through sensory experience (August Conte); no document = no history • Charles Victor LANGLOIS • Charles SEIGNOBOS ➢ Monumenta Germaniae Historia 400-500 ➢ The Philippine Islands (1493-1898 • Elite-centric 20TH CENTURY NOUVELLE HISTOIRE/ NEW HISTORY • Annales School ( Annales of Economic & Social History ➢ FOCUS: • social (history) o Fernand BRAUDEL – about everyday life • Cultural • Rural

Women’s history o Locate women in the scene (feminist perspective) • Histoire de mentalites/ mentality o Marc BLOCH (The Royal Touch) 13th century belief/thought o Jaques Le GOFF (The History of Purgatory) not originally a concept in the bible ➢ METHOD: oral history methodology, audio-visual sources, artifacts, social sciences, “history from below” 1930 - Intellectual 1960 – Feminist 1970 – Environmental/World 1990– BIG History HISTORICAL MODEL ➢ Diagrams which summarizes/defines history • Prehistory (fossils & artifact – undocumented) • History (written documents) a. Linear Model • Beginning and end • Fatalistic view • Predetermined • Providential view •

III.

Example: ZOROATRIANISM o Persian o 4 phases: 1. Gold AHURA MAZDA (Good) ANGRA MAINYU (Evil) 2. Silver GAYOMARTAN (first human; made out of metal)

Archaeology (artifacts and fossils) • Audio-visual • Oral sources (Batis Pasalita) o Culture (folklore and mythology) – epic and myths o MINOKAWA – mythical bird who swallows the moon (lunar) o GANESH – son of Shiva; half elephant b. According to importance i. Primary sources • Contemporaneous accounts • Eye witnesses • Government records • Direct connection ii. Secondary sources • Borrowed information from primary sources • Interpretation • Indirect connection HISTORICAL CRITICISM ➢ Evaluation of sources a. External/Surface i. Provenance ii. Physical attributes iii. Originality iv. To check authenticity b. Internal/Higher i. Content analysis 1. Extract information 2. Meaning of words 3. Motives/bias ii. Corroboration iii. To check veracity

life & death RHUBARB – vegetable MASHA + MASHYOI – first man & woman 3. Steel surrounded by evil SAOSHYANT – arrival is when a star shone brightly; savior from evil 4. Iron final battle; a comet will hit the earth & melt all the minerals and creates a river of metal end: when there is heaven (when evil is eradicated) b. Cyclical model • Repetitions • History repeats itself • Criticism: time does not repeat

•

V.

c. Spiral Model • Intersections meant similarities

IV.

d. Chaotic view • No pattern is being followed HISTORICAL SOURCES (Batis) a. According to form i. Written form • Archives • Archivo General de Indias (archives on colonies of Spain) • Philippine Radical Paper (UP Archives) ii. Unwritten/ non-written

1.

Place is an element of history. • Completes the historical thought 2. Geographic Determinism • Point of view which states that the culture and society and

• •

everything else is affected by their environment 18th Century – Charles Louis MONTESQUIEU Climatic/ Environmental Determinism

Examples: Ivatan – Batanes • Vakul La Indolencia de los Filipinos • An essay of Rizal defending the Filipinos over the claim of Spaniard of being lazy Racism – 19th century • Essentialization; science of classifying people according to their skin color • Johann Friedrich BLUMENBACH • Father of Racism • 5 race scheme • White – Caucasian • Black – Ethiopians • Yellow – Mongolian • Red – Indians • Brown – Malayans PH GEOGRAPHY ➢ Insular Southeast Asia; 300,000 sq. km ➢ N – Bashi Channel W – West Philippine Sea E – Pacific Ocean S – Sulu, Celebes Sea ➢ Archipelagic • Multi-ethnic with different languages • Revolution (1896) • National development ➢ Mountain ranges • Pantaron • Sierra Madre • Cordillera ➢ River systems • Rio Grande Cagayan

EMERGENCE OF MAN

How did the Philippines become populated? Cultural Perspective • Folklore, mythology, religion a. Tagalog (Luzon) • SI MALAKAS AT MAGANDA (from the splitting of bamboo) b. Visayas • SICALAC AT SICAVAY c. Mindanao • MELU (primordial being; man from dead skin) • Other examples: ▪ China • PANGU – man from soul (from a cosmic egg) ▪ Abrahamic • Islamic, Christianity, Judaism ▪ Hinduism • PURUSHA (also shows the cast system) • Mouth – BRAHMANS (priest & educators) • Arms - KSHATRIYAS (warriors & nobilities) • Legs – VAISHYAS (merchants) • Feet – SHUDRAS (servants) 2. Evolutionary perspective (Paleolithic) • Modern day creatures came from less complex organisms a. AUSTRALOPITHECUS • 4 – 1.5 mya; E. Africa • 1.0 – 1.5 meters; 400-600 cm3 • LUCY – 1974: Donald Carl JOHANSON (Ethiopia) turned out to be Afarensis b. HOMO • 2.8 mya • Homonization of species 1. HOMO HABILIS • 2.6 – 1.5 mya • 1.3 m; 300 – 800 cm3 • Handy/able man (made use of crude stone tools) 2. HOMO ERECTUS • 2.0 mya – 35k ya • 1.7 m; 750 – 1250 cm3

• 1.

Upright/erect man (bipedal) • Were able to make fire HOMO SAPIENS • 250,000 ya • 1.8m; 1350 – 1500 cm3 • Thinking/wise man • 10,000 BC – NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION (use of polished tools) o FERTILE CRESCENT o Domesticated plants and animals Permanent settlements Nutrition Labor specialization Surplus – pottery & trade Population growth Social stratifications (inequality) •

3.

a. b. c. d. e. f.

PEOPLING PROCESS OF THE PHILIPPINES 1. WAVES OF MIGRATION THEORY • Development from without • Henry Otley BEYER (1947) • 1920s – Novaliches (excavation – artifacts) o Grouping; according to level of sophistication – most primitive to most advanced a. Each group of artifacts belonged to a specific group of people b. These group of people were PREHISPANIC & FOREIGN c. The arrival of these groups resulted to the variations in the current PH population d. 250,000 ya – Homo erectus 30,000 – 25,000 ya – Negritos; land bridges 6,000 – 5,000 ya – Indones; boats 2,000 ya – Malays; metal implements 2. CORE POPULATION THEORY • Development from within • Felipe Landa JOCANO (1960) 1. FORMATIVE Phase (50k – 2.5k BC)

Crude stone tools, agriculture, pottery 2. INCIPIENT Phase (3k-2.5k BC) • Polished stone tools, metal tools 3. EMERGENT Phase (2.5k – 100 AD) • Relations with South East Asia 3. AUSTRONESIAN MIGRATION THEORY • Development from without • Austronesian came from the field of linguistics • It is a language family with 1200 languages and about 380M individuals speaking it • Philippines, South East Asia, New Zealand, Pacific Islands (Rapa Nui, Chile, Easter Islands), Indian Ocean (Madagascar) • Common ancestor: proto-Austronesians a. Linguistics similarities b. Rice, coconut c. Rice terraces (payao) I. MAINLAND ORIGIN HYPOTHESIS • Out-of-Taiwan • Peter BELWOOD, ANU •

II.

ISLAND ORIGIN HYPOTHESIS • CRUSANTAO MARITIME TRADING AND COMMUNICATION NETWORK • Willhelm SOLHEIM, UH

PRE-COLONIAL SOCIETIES IN THE PHILIPPINES ➢ 1521/1565 (before these years) ➢ 1565 – official colonization under Miguel Lopez de Legaspi 1. ILAWUD/ILAYA • No documentary reference • From oral sources/ place names • Layud – to the west Daya – to the east • ILAWUD – riverbanks; near coastline/sea o Hinilawud: tales from mouth of Hilawud river • ILAYA – riverbanks; near mountainous area • Also into tradings with each other • Estanacos – monopoly stores of Spaniards

2. BARANGAY (balangay/balanghai – sea vessels) • Luzon/Visayas – barangay Mindanao - KALAMPONG • Smallest political and administrative unit (modern day definition) • Political-economic unit/ organizations (pre-colonial definition) • It was called barrio during the Spanish period in 1970s, the term was revived by F. Marcos • 30-100 families • Description: o Independent in terms of resources o Provides governance o Has law/rules called battasan o Engages in wars for resources/territories PANGANGAYAW – slave raidings PAGKAKANYAW – head hunting (Igorots) o Form alliances through marriages or blood compact called KASI-KASI

•

Has social classes based on economy; the richer you are the higher your class is 1. URING NAMUMUNO a. MAGINOO (Tagalog) KADATOAN (Visayas) b. Leader: DATU (generic name for leaders Luzon: GINOO (general term for nobility), POON (religious), GAT (heroes), DAYANG (women) c. Political/economic elite d. Spanish period: called DON and DONYA who are part of the PRINCIPALIA/PRINCIPALS but still under GOBERNADORCILLOS who rule over CABEZAS 2. URING MALAYA a. MAHARLIKA (Tagalog) TIMAWA (Visayas) b. Commoners; largest class c. Not indebted, has freedom to move from one barangay to another, can own houses, pays taxes (BUWIS/HANDUG) – exempted from paying taxes are BAGANIS (warriors) who supply their own weaponry 3. URING KATUWANG (bondage) a. ALIPIN (Tagalog) ORIPUN (Visayas) b. Slaves c. Ways where you can be slave i. Through debts ii. By being a prisoner from slave raidings iii. Inheritance iv. As punishment to a crime such as murder, theft, adultery, offenses against women d. Sources of freedom

•

i. Fulfilment of the contract ii. PAGTITIMAWA – process wherein the master frees his slaves iii. Intermarriages Social mobility based on economic status

sagigilid/ saguiguilir alipin namamahay

no resources with wealth with houses

oripun

o

•

•

Vicente RAFAEL ▪ BULISLIS – slaves with debt with other slaves ayuey

3/4 days

tomaranpoc

1/4 days

tumatabang

on-call

Sources: o Relacion de las Islas Filipinas ▪ Pedro CHIRINO, SJ o Accounts on the Various Barbarians ▪ Chou JU-KUA ▪ Ma-i Main personalities: 1. DATU (chieftains) • Political & economic domain a. Names: RAJAH (coastal areas with trading relations with SEA) LAKAN (Central & Southern Luzon) TIMUAY (W. Mindanao) PINUNO (founder)

PANGULO (strongest & wealthiest fr. an alliance) b. Qualifications i. Chosen by the maginoo ii. Inherited iii. Wealth iv. Followers v. Physically fit vi. Military & administrative skills c. Duties i. Lead wars ii. Direct harvest/farming iii. Responsible for peace & order iv. Protect territory v. Legitimize contracts vi. Create/revise laws vii. Serves as judge (hukom) AMAEN/AGORAN G d. Privilege i. Receive taxes e. Helpers i. ATUBANG sa datu (secretary) ii. PARAGAHIN (treasurer) iii. BILANGGO (warden) iv. UMALOHOKAN (announcer) • Zeus SALAZAR – the datu has a co-equal 2. PANDAY (Craftsman) a. Weaponry/technology b. Panday-bakal, ginto, anluwage (wood) c. 1571 – Panday PIRA i. The year when the Spaniards tried to conquer PH

ii. The Filipinos has Spanish Canons iii. Believed to be influenced by Portuguese 3. BABAYLAN (Priestess) a. Spirituality/healing b. Names: KATALONAN (Tagalog) BAYLAN/BAGLAN BAYUG/BAYUGIN (male) i. Dress, act &speak like a woman ANACHRONISM – applying certain labels on certain period that do not have those certain labels c. Qualifications: inherited, apprenticeship (ALABAY), appointed by ANITO/DIWATA (deities) in cases where in there are no successors d. Duties: PAG-AANITO (sacrifice) PAGBALILIG (sacrifice of pig) PAGTALIBOG (chicken) PAGCAYAG (rice/food) PAGHUAGA (human) – using BACALAD (boat – Visayas & Mindanao) GUIBANG-GUIBANG (communicating with Gods – gets answers from boat)

4. BINUKOT (Princess) a. Females who are secluded from a community b. Lives like princesses because they have servants

c. The only duty they do is to memorize traditions such as songs and dances d. They are also reserved for marriages THE CULTURE OF BARANGAY I. RELIGION ➢ Not organized ➢ Bases of religion: i. Written scripture ii. Degree of standardization/ uniformity ➢ Centered on the belief in the existence of ANITO (Luzon)/ DIWATA (Visayas) – (DEVA/ DEVATA) deities i. Polytheistic – believes in the existence of many gods; henotheistic – worships one god but also recognizes other gods ii. Closely related to nature iii. ANTROPOMORPHIC – features are human like iv. DUALISTIC: believes in the existence of good and evil (benevolent/malevolent) v. Included the ancestors vi. The gods did not directly communicate with the people MYTHOLOGICAL GODS VISAYAS ➢ Notion of afterlife is through water by riding a boat 1. MAKAPTAN/KAPTAN a. God who occupies the heaven b. Supreme God 2. MAGWAYAN a. God of afterlife; water 3. SARAGNAYAN a. Underworld b. Partner: NAGMALITONG YAWA SINAGMALING DIWATA i. Goddess of the underworld

ii. Binukot; demigod iii. Sisters: BURIGADANG PADA SINAKLANG BULAWAN (goddess of wealth; associated with gold), LUBAY LUBYOK MAHANGINOM SI MAHUYOKHUYOKAN (goddess of evening breeze) 4. LALAHON a. God of agriculture b. Mt. Kanlaon (Negros) 5. DALIKMATA a. God of eye problems 6. MAKABOSOG a. God of food LUZON 1. BATHALA a. God of heaven; Supreme god b. Cordilleras (Northern Part) – KABUNIAN – Mt. Pulag Bicol – GUGURANG – Mt. Mayon 2. AMAN SINAYA a. God of ocean 3. AMIHAN a. God of the wind 4. 3 DAUGTHERS OF BATHALA a. HANAN – Goddess of sun; morning b. MAYARI – Goddess of moon; night c. TALA – Goddess of stars 5. LAKAPATI a. God of Agriculture b. Hermaphroditic god c. Influence of Hinduism – SHIVA PASHUPATI (predecessor of SHIVA) d. LINGA – object used in worshipping 6. LAKAMBAKOD a. God of fences of farms 7. LAKAMBINI a. God of food II. BELIEF IN INHERENTLY MALEVOLENT BEINGS 1. ASWANG – ASURAS (Sanskrit) a. Shapeshifters b. Brings sickness c. Eats human liver, dust/filth, human remains d. Could take human form i. TIKTIK – winged

ii. PATIANAC – mother who died during birth iii. TIGBALANG – tall, hairy, w/ small feet 2. MANGKUKULAM a. Witches i. MAMBABARANG - insects ii. MANGISALAT – poisons (GAYUMA/LUMAY) iii. MATATANGGAL – half body with head cut off iv. HUKLUBAN – can kill using hand gestures (most powerful) III. BODY 1. CLEANLINESS a. Takes a bath 2-3 times a day b. Driven by close affinity with water 2. TEETH a. Often alter the appearance of their teeth b. PAGPUPUSAD – putting gold c. Belief that only animals should have white teeth d. Chewing of NGANGA (betel chews) i. Made out of apog/lime, areca nuts 3. TATTOOING a. PINTADOS b. For warriors – serves as their trophy/medals 4. TUGBUK & SAKRA a. 230 g; 5-7 cm b. Attached to the genitals of men c. For sexual pleasure of women d. Professional devirginizers i. Belief: (SPAINIARDS) first blood is dirty (FILIPINOS) first blood is powerful 3. SULTANATES ➢ Mindanao; Islam ISLAM ➢ s-l-m (peace) ➢ Monotheistic - submission to one god (ALLAH - Abrahamic)

➢ JIHAD – struggle to practice serving o Greater jihad – struggle against oneself o Lesser jihad – struggle against others; armed ➢ MUSLIM (individual); UMMAH (entire population) ➢ Goal of the ummah is to achieve equality ➢ Organized world religion o 2nd largest religion – 1.8 B o Sects – SUNNI & SHIA o ABU BAKR (father) – Sunni o ALI (cousin) – Shia ➢ Indonesia – with largest Islamic population ➢ State religion – i.e. Malaysia ➢ 610 AD, MUHAMMAD – founder o MECCA (Saudi Arabia) o Continuously visited by an angel (JIBRIL) ➢ QURAN – verbatim words of Allah ➢ HADITH - words & actions of Muhammad; basis of SHARIA LAW ➢ HIJRI (HIJRA/HEGIRA) – Islamic calendar o AH o 1 AH – 622 AD o 12 months; 355 days ➢ Migration to YATHRIB (Saudi Arabia) o MEDINA – second of the holiest place ➢ ARLAN AL – ISLAM – Five pillars o Foundation of Islamic way of life 1. SHAHADAH (two testimonies/creed) a. Recitation of 2 basic principles i. There is no other God but God who is Allah. ii. Muhammad is the messenger of God.

b. Used during baptism/ conversion and before prayers 2. SALAT/ SALA (worship/ prayer) a. 5 times a day (originally 50) i. FAJ R – before sunrise ii. ZUH R - noon iii. AS R afternoon iv. MAGHRIB sunset v. ISHA – evening b. Orientation: facing Mecca (West) c. Found in Mecca is the biggest mosque AL-MASJID AL HARAM (The Great Mosque) – can house up to 2M KAABA (House of God) – oldest, black cube; found here is the black stone d. BLACK STONE comet sent by Allah during the time of Adam and Eve and was originally white that turned to black because of the absorption of sin e. Ablution/cleansing i. Water: WUDU (partial) GHUSL (full) ii. Sand: TAYAMMUM f. SUTRAH – object placed in front during prayer 3. ZAKAT/ZAKATH (alms giving)

a. 2.5% of income to less fortunate muslims (religious tax) 4. SAUM/SAWM (fasting) a. RAMADAN (9th month) – fasting until sundown; exemptions: children. elderly, ill, pregnant, travelers i. Has options to move (ill, pregnant, travelers) ii. FIDYAH – compensation for elderly – gives food to people 5. HAJJ (pilgrimage) a. To Mecca b. At least once in their lives c. 5-7 days of pilgrimage; stoning of the devil – 7 pebbles thrown at a stone d. HAJJI/HAJJAH ISLAM IN THE PHILIPPINES ➢ Islamization of SEA (late 13 th century) ➢ 1280 – arrival of Islamic trader – TUAN MASHAIKA from Malaysia to southern PH, Sulu, Tawi Tawi; IDDA INDIRA SUGA ➢ 1380 – arrival of Islamic priests (IMAM) KARIM UL-MAKHDUM; Simunul – Tawi Tawi – first mosque ➢ 1390 – arrival of Islamic priest from Malaysia – RAJAH BAGUINDA ➢ 1405 – establishment of the SULTANATE OF SULU – SHARIF ULHASHIM (SAYYID ABU BAKR) o SULTANATE OF SULU ▪ Sultans – descendants of Muhammad; must possess a document or proof (TARSILA)

Sulu to Tawi Tawi; Southern Palawan to Sabah (Malaysia) ▪ Expanded to PARAMISULI – Sulu & Celebes sea (THALASSOCRATIC POWER – power from the sea) ▪ Also practices pangangayaw ➢ 1872 – agreement with British o...