Kinesiology 1080 - Attention Cont\'d (March 20) PDF

Preview

Summary

from second-semester first-year kin taught by Matthew heath....

Description

Kinesiology 1080- Attention Cont’d

Wednesday, March 20, 2019

Video: 197 Days in Space NASA Astronaut Struggles to Walk on Earth (non-exam) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=07bUMUkrIKE Case Study  There was a significant build-up of fluid (seen through MRI) at the base of astronaut’s brains. Specifically, the build-up lies near the cerebellum as it controls postural (balance) and neural ocular control. Psychological Refractory Period  Delay in responding to the second stimuli presented in rapid succession.  Interference in selection and organization of response. Attention as a Filter  Considers attention to be fixed and undifferentiated capacity, but mediated by o Arousal and Anxiety Level o Specific Task Demands o Selectivity Arousal and Performance  The inverted “U” phenomenon.  Optimal level of arousal for what you are doing for that point in time.  Arousal and attention are specific to the type of task you are doing.  Too much arousal will limit your ability to spread your attention (ex. sees the entire football field).  Increased arousal leads to better performance (spotlight). A chess master has a low level of physiological and physiological arousal to focus on one aspect. Specific Task Demands  Golfers need absolute quiet; attention needs to be focused down due to the task at hand, there is a small pool of attentional resources.  People who have a large pool of attention will not be affected by many outside factors. (ex. a basketball player’s performance, during a free-throw, will not be affected by a large crowd). This information can moderate training. Selectivity  Two types of stimuli: o Exogenous Stimulus: dynamic and unexpected external stimulus; this will involuntary capture your attention. The superior colliculus will drive your attention to this cue. o Endogenous Stimulus: you can voluntary act on that stimulus; there is no automatic capture of attention.



Ex. In planes there are exogenous cues to bring attention to critical (time-sensitive) situations.

Case Study Jack Leavitt Attentional Capacity and Instruction  Attention directed toward the initiation (and sometimes termination) of a movement is critical.  Automate elementary components of a skill prior to integrating additional movement constraints.

At what age does a primary task become automated (skating)?

Results: It took skaters a long time to complete the fourth condition for ages 6-10. For 11-16 there was little change in skating performance. As age increased eventually it was seen that by the time people were sixteen there was absolutely no difference in their performance across all four tasks. Skating, from ages six to ten, is still attentionally demanding. However, as you age it becomes automatic. This effected the way Hockey Canada set guidelines for young people’s hockey practice structure. Conclusions: Early in skill development, element of movement that must become automated should be emphasized prior to introducing demanding tasks. Coordination and Attention  Bimanual coordination: simultaneous movement of the two hands.  Finger-Wiggling Experiment: can be done by people with split brain syndrome (due to independent control).  When you move two effectors in the opposite direction you are moving in an anti-phase direction. This is attentionally demanding.  As you increase frequency of finger wigging (to about 5HERTS) your movement becomes unstable; this destabilization will result in the change to a common in-phase coordination.  This is because the CNS likes to have one temporal pattern. These can be sent at a low frequency....