Learning journal U8 bio PDF

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DNA Generates Protein An organism's DNA stores the information to make protein, coded by a specific section of the DNA called genes (Clark et al., 2020). A gene expression consists of two steps to build proteins: transcription and translation (Clark et al., 2020). Transcription is the process by which coded information DNA to an RNA molecule, which leaves the nucleus, and uses the information to produce proteins, known as translation (Clark et al., 2020). According to Helmenstine (2018), during transcription, the messenger RNA (mRNA) is transcribed from a DNA molecule; the stages are as follows: a)Pre-initiation: The RNA polymerase binds to the DNA, creating an initiation bubble. b)Initiation: The RNA polymerase binds to the promoter in DNA. c)Promoter clearance: The RNA polymerase clears the promoter, and the first bond synthesized. d)Elongation: One strand of DNA becomes the template for the synthesis. e)Termination: This is the final stage, where the newly synthesized mRNA takes place. According to Bailey (2019), during the process of translation, the mRNA is modified and binds to the ribosome, which contains binding sites for the transfer RNA (tRNA), as follows: a)Initiation: The ribosomal subunit join to the mRNA molecule, while an initiator tRNA molecule fixes to a specific codon sequence. b)Elongation: The ribosome links with the amino acid as it moves along the mRNA molecule, forming a polypeptide chain c)Termination: The protein synthesis terminates when the ribosome reaches a stop codon, and the ribosome is released. Differences in the Process The differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes are as follows: a)In prokaryotes, transcription and the translation of the mRNA into proteins happens in the cytoplasm. While in eukaryotes, the transcription takes place in the nucleus of the cell, and the mRNA moves to the cytoplasm for translation (Helmenstine, 2018). b)Prokaryotes' DNA is more accessible to RNA polymerase than the DNA in eukaryotes (Helmenstine, 2018). c)The eukaryotic DNA wraps around the histones to form nucleosomes and is packed to form chromatin. In contrast, the RNA polymerase interacts with the prokaryotic DNA and other proteins enabling the interaction between the DNA in eukaryotes and the RNA polymerase (Helmenstine, 2018).

d)The mRNA that is produced from transcription is not modified in prokaryotic cells. The Role of Epigenetics and Developmental Epigenetics in Health and Disease Epigenetics looks at the mechanisms that cause gene expression changes that do not change the DNA sequence, such as DNA Methylation, Histone Modification, and Non-Coding RNA activities (Metagenics Institute, 2018) According to Metagenics Institute (2018), DNA determines what the genes do, the chemicals produced, and the health risk our bodies will be predisposed to throughout our lives. We can change our genetic makeup based on our behavior and environment, which may also affect our offspring's gene expression without changing the DNA sequence (Metagenics Institute, 2018). Hence, epigenetics is the external factors on our genes that play an essential role in developing, diagnosing, and treating diseases (Metagenics Institute, 2018). By understanding and influencing epigenetic mechanisms, we can optimally experience the four crucial components of our gene expressions for a healthy life: potential - gene risk factors and influences; capacity - external effect of metabolic processes; balance - critical nutrition management to maintain good health; and expression - managed health status (Metagenics Institute, 2018). DNA methylation and histone modification explain why two people with identical genes, such as twins, have different health outcomes based on their exposure and health behaviors (Metagenics Institute, 2018). Disruption in the methylation process causes people to develop diseases; therefore, early analysis of the methylation capacity and balance in blood chemicals helps healthcare providers understand the patient's health status and prevent diseases (Metagenics Institute, 2018). RNA Strands to Peptide Sequences Given 1: agu ugu uau cga aaa cug cga gua aau auc cug agg gcg cga agc aac c Translation: Ser-Cys-Tyr-Arg-Lys-Leu-Arg-Val-Asn-lle-Leu-Arg-Ala-Arg-Ser-Asn Given 2: agu ugu auc gaa aac ugc gag uaa aua ucc uga ggg cgc gaa gca acc Translation: Ser-Cys-lle-Glu-Asn-Cys-Glu-Stop We encountered the Stop codon, and so no more peptides will be added) I completely translated the first RNA strands into the peptide sequence but encountered a point of mutation in the second RNA strand. There was a deletion of one base, and the reading frame of the strand changed, and a frameshift mutation occurred; this caused the codon frames to change and terminate the translation process. Reference Bailey, R. (2019). Translation: Making Protein Synthesis Possible. Thought Co. https://www.thoughtco.com/protein-synthesis-translation-373400.

Clark, M.A., Choi, J. & Douglas, M. (2020). Biology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/15-4-rna-processing-in-eukaryotes Helmenstine, A. M. (2018). The 5 Steps of Transcription From DNA to RNA. Thought Co. https://www.thoughtco.com/steps-of-transcription-from-dna-to-rna-603895. Metagenics Institute. (2018). Epigenetics Influencing Health Outcomes. Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch...