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CHAPTER ONE

Stakeholder 受决定影响者 In a general sense, a stakeholder is anyone who can be affected by decisions made within a business. More specifically, stakeholders are considered to be those people who are necessary for the functioning of a business.

Ethics 伦理 Derived from the Greek word ethos, which refers to those values, norms, beliefs, and expectations that determine how people within a culture live and act. Ethics steps back from such standards for how people do act, and reflects on the standards by which people should live and act.

normative ethics 规范伦理 （为什么要这样做） As a normative discipline, ethics deals with norms and standards of appropriate and proper (normal) behavior.

descriptive ethics 描述伦理 （为什么会这样做） As practiced by many social scientists, provides a descriptive and empirical account of those standards that actually guide behavior. When we say that they are descriptive, we refer to the fact that they provide an account of how and why people do act the way they do—they describe.

Morality （自己内心的伦理 ethic by personal） Sometimes used to denote 表示 the phenomena 现象 studied by the field of ethics. This text uses morality to refer to those aspects of ethics involving personal, individual decision making. 个人伦理

Personal integrity (个人操守 个人操守 个人操守/准则) The term integrity connotes completeness of a being or thing. Personal integrity, therefore, refers to individuals’ completeness within themselves, often derived from the consistency or alignment of actions with deeply held beliefs.

Social ethics (社会伦理：如何与大家相处以及社会该如何构成组成) The area of ethics that is concerned with how we should live together with others and how social organizations ought to be structured.

Norms (规范 规范 规范/标准 标准/准则 准则) Those standards or guidelines that establish appropriate and proper behavior.

Values (使人做出自己选择的信念 使人做出自己选择的信念 使人做出自己选择的信念/想法，能够使你做出自己选择的东西，你会 想法，能够使你做出自己选择的东西，你会 为了它选择 A 而不是 B) Those beliefs that incline us to act or to choose in one way rather than another.

Ethical values （伦理价值 会让人活得好的东西 如尊重快乐自由） Those properties 特性 of life that contribute to human well-being and a life well lived. Ethical values would include such things as happiness, respect, dignity, integrity, freedom, companionship, and health.

Risk assessment (风险评估：识别潜在风险并把其把握在可控范围内，保证不会 风险评估：识别潜在风险并把其把握在可控范围内，保证不会 影响整体目标 影响整体目标) Defined as “a process to identify potential events that may affect the entity, and manage risk to be within its risk appetite, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of entity objectives.、

Practical reasoning Reasoning about what we should do, ethic is a part of practical reasoning.

Theoretical reasoning Reasoning about what we should believe.

CHAPTER TWO

Ethical decision-making process Requires a persuasive 有说服性 and rational justification 合理 for a decision.

Normative myopia 规范性近视症 （做决定时总忽略伦理道德） The tendency to ignore, or the lack of the ability to recognize, ethical issues in decision making.

Inattentional blindness 过于关注单一因素使自己忽略周围的其他明显因素 If we happen to focus on or are told specifically to pay attention to a particular element of a decision or event, we are likely to miss all of the surrounding details, no matter how obvious.

Change blindness 做决定时无法察觉周围的因素随时间推移而产生的变化 A decision-making omission 被忽略 that occurs when decision makers fail to notice gradual changes over time.

Moral imagination 考虑到各方的利益损失前因后果，并相出多种解决方式的能 力 When one is facing an ethical decision, the ability to envision various alternative choices, consequences, resolutions, benefits, and harms.

Personal and professional decision making 个人决定与职场决定总会有冲突的时 候，想要活出有道德操守的人生就需要在做决策时在责任（社会或职场）与利 益（个人或公司）间取得正确的平衡 Individuals within a business setting are often in situations in which they must make decisions both from their own personal point of view and from the perspective of the specific role they fill within an institution. Ethically responsible decisions require an individual to recognize that these perspectives can conflict and that a life of moral integrity must balance the personal values with the professional role-based values and responsibilities.

CHAPTER THREE

Ethical relativism 伦理相对论 道德哲学界认为道德价值观和判断最终取决于或有关于一个人的文化，社会或 个人感受。 相对论否认我们可以做出理性或客观的道德判断。 An important perspective within the philosophical study of ethics that holds that

ethical values and judgments are ultimately dependent on, or relative to, one’s culture, society, or personal feelings. Relativism denies that we can make rational or objective ethical judgments.

Utilitarianism 功利主义：通过看事物的前因后果而决定其是否伦理，其结果对 整个集体好的就是伦理的，其结果对整个集体不好的就是不伦理的 An ethical theory that tells us that we can determine the ethical significance of any action by looking to the consequences of that act. Utilitarianism is typically identified with the policy of “maximizing the overall good” or, in a slightly different version, of producing “the greatest good for the greatest number.” 对大家要好

Consequentialist theories 前因后果理论：通过结果来判断事物的好坏 Ethical theories, such as utilitarianism, that determine right and wrong by calculating the consequences of actions.

Principle-based framework 以规则作为基础的伦理框架 A framework for ethics that grounds decision making in fundamental principles such as justice, liberty, autonomy, and fairness.

Virtue ethics 美德伦理：好的性格和生活习惯才会让人过上美好生活 An approach to ethics that studies the character traits or habits that constitute a good human life, a life worth living.

Egoism 利己主义：人都是以自己的意愿以及利益来考虑 As a psychological theory, egoism holds that all people act only from self-interest.

Principles 原则道理：把 value 放入行动的伦理规矩 Ethical rules that put values into action.

Duties 义务：不管前因后果都要履行的义务 Those obligations that one is bound to perform, regardless of consequences.

Categorical imperative 绝对无例外的命令 An imperative is a command or duty; “categorical” means that it is without exception.

Autonomy 自治 From the Greek for “self-ruled,” autonomy is the capacity to make free and deliberate 深思熟虑 choices.

Human rights 作为人的道德权利 Those moral rights that individuals have simply in virtue of being a human being.

Character 人的性情气质以及习惯的总和 The sum of relatively set traits, dispositions, and habits of an individual.

Chapter Four

Culture 一种共享的信仰期望意义从而影响人们的思想和行为 A shared pattern of beliefs, expectations, and meanings that influences and guides the thinking and behaviors of the members of a particular group.

Ethics officers 道德检察官：在组织内监 道德检察官：在组织内监督 督道德事务 具有一定权力 Individuals within an organization charged with managerial oversight of ethical compliance and enforcement within the organization.

Code of conduct 给公司员工看的行为守则 A set of behavioral guidelines and expectations that govern all members of a business firm.

Mission statement 一个公司用来告诉大家自己的目标以及价值的任务宣言 A formal summary statement that describes the goals, values, and institutional aim of an organization.

Whistle-blowing 告密：特指公司内部人员向外告发公司的错误行径 A practice in which an individual within an organization reports organizational wrongdoing to the public or to others in position of authority.

United States Sentencing Commission (USSC) 美国量刑委员会（USSC） ） An independent agency in the United States judiciary created in 1984 to regulate sentencing 量刑 policy in the federal court system. 美国司法部门的一个独立机构， 成立于 1984 年，负责管理联邦法院系统中的判决政策。

Federal Sentencing Guidelines for Organizations (FSGO) 联邦组织量刑指南 （FSGO） Developed by the United States Sentencing Commission and implemented in 1991,

originally as mandatory parameters for judges to use during organizational sentencing cases. 由美国量刑委员会制定并于 1991 年实施，最初是法官在组织量刑案件中 使用的强制性参数。

Chapter Five

Corporate social responsibility (CSR)企业 企业 企业社会责任 社会责任 The responsibilities that businesses have to the societies within which they operate.

Stakeholder model of CSR The stakeholder model understands that business exists within a web of social and ethical relationships. The stakeholder model holds that businesses exist to create value for a range of stakeholders, including employees, customers, suppliers, and local communities as well as investors and stockholders.

Stakeholder theory 商务经理需要对利益相关者在道德上负责 A model of corporate social responsibility that holds that business managers have ethical responsibilities to a range of stakeholders that go beyond a narrow view that the primary or only responsibility of managers is to stockholders.

integrative model of CSR 以 CSR 为目标的公司 For some business firms, social responsibility is fully integrated with the firm’s mission or strategic plan.

Corporate sustainability report 公司可 公司可持续发展报告 持续发展报告

Provides all stakeholders with financial and other information regarding a firm’s economic, environmental, and social performance

Reputation management The practice of caring for the “image” of a firm.

Chapter Six

Due process 正当程序 特 特指 指上司与下属的公平 The right to be protected against the arbitrary use of authority. In legal contexts, due process refers to the procedures that police and courts must follow in exercising their authority over citizens. In the employment context, due process specifies the conditions for basic fairness within the scope of the employer’s authority over its employees.

Employment at will (EAW) 雇员可随意雇佣，雇主可随意解雇。 Employment at will holds that, in the absence of a particular contractual or other legal obligation that specifies the length or conditions of employment, all employees are employed “at will.” (See the Reality Check “Employing ‘Employees.’”) This means that, unless an agreement specifies otherwise, employers are free to fire an employee at any time and for any reason. 随意雇佣认为，在没有规定雇用期限或条件的特定 合同或其他法律义务的情况下，所有雇员都“随意”雇用。（参见“雇用'雇员'的现 实检查”。）这意味着 除非协议另有规定，否则雇主可以随时以任何理由自由 解雇员工。

Just cause 一个标准：上司在解雇员工之前需要有充足的原因 A standard for terminations or discipline that requires the employer to have sufficient

and fair cause before reaching a decision against an employee.

IRS 20-factor analysis 用来判断某人是合同工还是员工 A list of 20 factors to which the IRS looks to determine whether someone is an employee or an independent contractor.

Common-law agency test 给予了雇主管理员工使其完成任务的能力 A persuasive indicator of independent contractor status that provides the employer the ability to control the manner in which the work is performed.

Economic realities test 测试员工是否经济上依赖公司和为自己而参加公司工作 A test by which courts consider whether the worker is economically dependent on the business or, as a matter of economic fact, is in business for himself or herself.

Downsize 通过解雇，退休，和企业撤资来减少人力资源 The reduction of human resources at an organization through terminations, retirements, corporate divestments, or other means.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)美 美国机构用于管制商业 中的安全与健康 The United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration, an agency of the federal government that publishes and enforces safety and health regulations for U.S. businesses.

Sweatshop 符合以下 2 条即是血汗工厂 Any workplace in which workers are typically subject to two or more of the following conditions: systematic forced overtime 强制加班, systematic health and safety risks that stem from negligence or the willful disregard of employee welfare 疏忽或无视员 工福利是员工健康安全受风险, coercion 强迫, systematic deception that places workers at risk 诈骗受员工受危险, underpayment of earnings 工资很低, and income for a 48-hour workweek less than the overall poverty rate for that country 即使工作 48 小时依然低于贫困线

Child labor 童工

Diversity 企业多样性通常代表尊重包容宽容接受度高 Diversity refers to the presence of differing cultures, languages, ethnicities, races, affinity orientations, genders, religious sects, abilities, social classes, ages, and national origins of the individuals in a firm. When used in connection with the corporate environment, it often encompasses the values of respect, tolerance, inclusion, and acceptance.

Multiculturalism 多文化主义，鼓励多文化共存并保留自己的特色 Similar to diversity, refers to the principle of tolerance and inclusion that supports the co-existence of multiple cultures, while encouraging each to retain that which is unique or individual about that particular culture.

Afirmative action 肯定曾经被排斥的群体令所有人都有平等的机会 A policy or a program that strives to redress past discrimination through the implementation of proactive measures to ensure equal opportunity. In other words,

affirmative action is the intentional inclusion of previously excluded groups. Affirmative action efforts can take place in employment environments, education, or other arenas.

Reverse discrimination 刻意支持弱势群体以及弱化强势群体 Decisions made or actions taken against those individuals who are traditionally considered to be in power or the majority, such as white men, or in favor of a historically nondominant group.

Chapter Seven

Privacy 隐私 The right to be “let alone” within a personal zone of solitude, and/ or the right to control information about oneself.

Privacy rights 隐私权 The legal and ethical sources of protection for privacy in personal data.

Reciprocal obligation 互惠义务，上司与下属互相尊重对方的权利目标财产 The concept that, while an employee has an obligation to respect the goals and property of the employer, the employer has a reciprocal obligation to respect the rights of the employee as well, including the employee’s right to privacy.

Hypernorms 文化与理论的基础价值观 Values that are fundamental across culture and theory.

Moral free space 只要不触及 hypernorm 即可自由定义道德观价值观的空间 That environment where hypernorms or universal rules do not govern or apply to ethical decisions but instead culture or other influences govern decisions, as long as they are not in conflict with hypernorms. In other words, as long as a decision is not in conflict with a hypernorm, it rests within moral free space and reasonable minds may differ as to what is ethical.

Property rights 财产权 The boundaries defining actions that individuals can take in relation to other individuals regarding their personal information. If one individual has a right to her or his personal information, someone else has a commensurate duty to observe that right.

Fourth Amendment protection 第四修正案保护 The U.S. Constitution’s Fourth Amendment protection against unreasonable search and seizure extends privacy protections to the public-sector workplace through the Constitution’s application to state action. 美国宪法第四修正案针对不合理的搜查和 扣押提供保护，通过宪法对国家行为的适用，将隐私保护扩展到公共部门的工 作场所。

Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA) of 1986 1986 年电子通信隐私法（ 法（ECPA） ） The U.S. statute that establishes the provisions for access, use, disclosure, interception, and privacy protections relating to electronic communications. 美国法规， 规定了与电子通信相关的访问，使用，披露，拦截和隐私保护的规定。

Intrusion into seclusion 通常法里入侵领地的名称

The legal terminology for one of the common law claims of invasion of privacy. Intrusion into seclusion occurs when someone intentionally intrudes on the private affairs of another when the intrusion would be “highly offensive to a reasonable person.”

Reasonable expectation of privacy 隐私 隐私的合理期望 的合理期望 The basis for some common-law claims of invasion of privacy. Where an individual is notified that information will be shared or space will not be private, there is likely no reasonable expectation of privacy. 一些普通法关于侵犯隐私的主张的依据。 如果 通知个人信息将被共享或者空间不是私密的，则可能没有合理的隐私期望。

European Union’s Directive on Personal Data Protection 欧盟关于个人数据保护的指令 EU legislation seeking to remove potential obstacles to cross- border flows of personal data, to ensure a high level of protection within the European Union, and to harmonize protections across the European continent and with those countries with whom EU countries do business. 欧盟立法旨在消除个人数据跨境流动的潜在障碍， 确保欧盟内部的高度保护，并协调整个欧洲大陆以及与欧盟国家开展业务的国 家的保护。

Personal data Any information relating to an identifiable person, directly or indirectly, in particular by reference to one or more factors specific to her or his physical, physiological, mental, economic, cultural, or social identity. 与可识别的人直接或间接相关的任何 信息，特别是通过参考一个或多个特定于她或他的身体，生理，心理，经济， 文化或社会身份的因素。

Safe Harbor exception Considered “adequate standards” of privacy protection for U.S.- based companies under the European Union’s Data Protection Directive. 根据欧盟的数据保护指令， 考虑为美国公司提供隐私保护的“适当标准”。

E-mail monitoring 电子邮件 电子邮件监控 监控 The maintenance and either periodic or random review of e-mail communications of employees or others for a variety of business purposes. 为各种商业目的维护和定期 或随机审查员工或其他人的电子邮件通信。

Internet use monitoring 监控员工上班刷多久网络 The maintenance and either periodic or random review of the use of the Internet by employees or others based on time spent or content accessed for a variety of business purposes. 员工或其他人根据为各种商业目的花费的时间或内容访问来维护和定 期或随机审查互联网的使用。

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) (Pub. L. 104-191) HIPAA stipulates that employers cannot use “protected health information” in making employment decisions without prior consent. Protected health information includes all medical records or other individually identifiable health information. HIPAA 规定， 未经事先同意，雇主不得在做出雇佣决定时使用 “受保护的健康信息” 。受保护 的健康信息包括所有医疗记录或其他可识别的健康信息。

Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT) Act of 2001 A U.S. statute designed to increase the surveillance and investigative powers of law

enforcement agencies in the United States in response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. The act has been lauded as a quick response to terrorism (it was introduced less than a week after the attacks) and for implementing critical amendments to more than 15 important statutes; it also has been criticized for failing to include sufficient safeguards for civil liberties. 一项美国法规，旨在增加美国执 法机构对 2001 年 9 月 11 日恐怖袭击的监督和调查权力。该法案被称赞是对恐 怖主义的快速反应（不到一周就推出了该法案） 在袭击之后）并对超过 15 个 重要法规进行批判性修正; 它也因未能为公民自由提供足够的保障而受到批评。

Chapter Eight

Marketing Defined by the American Marketing Association as “an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating, and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders.” 由美国市场营销协会定义为“组织功能和一组流程，用于创建，交 流和为客户提供价值，并以有利于组织及其利益相关者的方式管理客户关系。”

“Four Ps” of marketing Production, price, promotion, and placement.

Caveat emptor approach 每次买卖买方都需要知道买家注意 Caveat emptor means “buyer beware” in Latin and this approach suggests that the burden of risk of information shall be placed on the buyer. This perspective assumes that every purchase involves the informed consent of the buyer and therefore it is assumed to be ethically legitimate. 注意事项意味着拉丁语中的“买家要小心”，这 种方法表明信息风险的负担应该由买方承担。 这种观点假定每次购买都涉及买

方的知情同意，因此它被认为在道德上是合法的。

Implied warranty of merchantability 卖家要确保商品符合用途 Implied assurances by a seller that a product is reasonably suitable for its purpose.

Negligence 无意 无意伤害 伤害 Unintentional failure to exercise reasonable care not to harm other people. Negligence is considered to be one step below “reckless disregard” for harm to others and two steps below intentional harm.

Strict liability 商品出问题商家一定要负责 A legal doctrine that holds an individual or business accountable for damages whether or not it was at fault. In a strict liability case, no matter how careful the business is in its product or service, if harm results from use, the individual or business is liable.

Stealth or undercover marketing 无意中人们被灌输广 灌输广告 告推广 Marketing campaigns that are based on environments or activities where the subject is not aware that she or he is the target of a marketing campaign; those situations where one is subject to directed commercial activity without knowledge or consent.

Chapter Nine

Corporate average f...