Lesson 2 Purposive cpm PDF

Preview

Summary

textbooks...

Description

Lesson 2: Local and Global Communication in Multicultural Settings Communication Styles in Various Multicultural Contexts If we want to be excellent communicators, being familiar with communication styles is a great foundation. Golden rule in communication: “do unto others as they would have done unto them”    

Doing so makes for greater rapport, deeper understanding, and better communication. Each person has a unique style of communicating, which may depend not only on his/her linguistic ability but also on his/her cultural and social context. Communication style refers to the choices people make and the strategies or tools they use in the process of communication. It may depend on the demands of the communicative situation, on the needs and requirements of the intended audience of the information.

The Communication Styles Matrix STYLE Spirited Considerate Direct Systematic

LEVEL OF EXPRESSIVENESS High Expressiveness High Expressiveness Low Expressiveness Low Expressiveness

LEVEL OF ASSERTIVENESS High Assertiveness Low Assertiveness High Assertiveness Low Assertiveness

Spirited Communication Style Strengths: • People whose dominant communication style is Spirited tend to be enthusiastic and intuitive. • They are friendly “people” persons who make themselves available for others, build strong relationships, and have an extensive network. • They’re adept at persuading, motivating, and inspiring others. • They readily express emotions. They like to talk and enjoy the spotlight: “Enough about me – tell me what you think about me.” • They are intuitive, focus on the big picture, and pride themselves on coming up with great ideas.

Disadvantages: • They are not interested in the details, so they may gloss over them, or ignore them altogether. • They usually do not manage time well, have a short attention span, and may miss deadlines. • Once the initial excitement of a new project has worn off, they may become bored with the minutiae of implementation, so may drop the ball or lack follow-through. • They tend to be somewhat disorganized. • They can be overdramatic and may be sensitive to criticism. • They may overestimate the abilities of others or themselves.

You can spot a Spirited communicator by ✔their animated and fast-paced speech, often punctuated by large gestures. ✔They tell stories and anecdotes with gusto, and may go off on tangents. ✔They are warm, laugh out loud, and use lots of facial expressions. ✔They make small talk – asking about your weekend, your family, your hobbies. ✔Their handshake is enthusiastic and their workspace tends to be cluttered.

Tips for Better Communication with a Spirited Communicator ✔To communicate more effectively with people who prefer the Spirited style: ✔Skip the formality – be relaxed and keep the conversation light. ✔Express emotions, tell them how you feel. ✔Use humor. ✔Allow enough time for discussion – they like to talk. ✔Don’t rely too much on email – talk to them in person or by phone. ✔Don’t give them a lot of details – supply only the critical ones, and put these in writing so that they may refer to them later. ✔Let them share their ideas; engage in brainstorming. ✔Acknowledge them for their great ideas (this doesn’t mean you agree with their ideas or that you will implement them). They like to be complimented.

Direct Communication Style Strengths: • People who prefer a direct communication style are take-charge types who like to be in control – natural leaders. • They are direct communicators, telling it like it is without mincing words. • They are highly conscious of time, mission-oriented, and want to achieve results quickly. • They embrace change as a challenge. They are decisive and willing to confront issues head-on.

Disadvantages: • They may come across as intimidating, insensitive, or even rude. • They may be impatient, argumentative, and unconcerned with others’ feelings. • They are typically not good listeners and may have workaholic tendencies.

You can spot a Direct Communicator: ✔When they talk, they get straight to the point without spending time on chit-chat. ✔They tend to tell as opposed to ask, and talk more than they listen. ✔They speak at a rapid pace and have a firm handshake.

Tips for Better Communication with a Direct Communicator ! Keep your communication brief and get to the point quickly. ! Focus on facts rather than feelings. ! Match their rapid speech by speeding yours up if necessary. ! Ask questions directly. ! Don’t waste their time with long explanations, too many details, or tangents.

Systematic Communication Style Strengths: • People who prefer a Systematic communication style are typically thorough, precise, and accurate. • They are conscientious, orderly, objective, and diplomatic. • They focus on facts, and do not put much stock in opinions or emotions.

Disadvantages: • They tend to focus on the details, sometimes at the expense of big picture thinking. • They may be slow to make decisions or take action because they want to gather and analyze more data before acting – falling prey to paralysis by analysis. • Typically, they dislike taking risks. They may be seen as aloof; they can be hard to read. They may be perfectionists.

Clues to a Systematic Communication Style: • You can recognize people who are most comfortable with this style of communication by the way they speak – precisely, relatively slowly, and with a soft volume. • They do not show emotions. • They listen more than they speak; they ask rather than tell. • Their handshake is brief. Their workspace is orderly and tidy.

Tips for Better Communication ! Focus on facts, rather than opinions or feelings. Back up your arguments with data.

! Don’t lead with the bottom line first; give the background on the situation or recommendation you plan to discuss. ! Be precise. Don’t speak in vague generalities. ! Be aware of and honor precedents. ! Do your homework – gather background information, and be prepared to share it. ! Be thorough and organized. ! Be tactful and diplomatic. ! Be reserved – tone down your enthusiasm. Speak more slowly and softly. ! Give them ample time to make decisions.

Considerate Communication Style Strengths: • They are usually good listeners. • They are “people” persons, who build strong relationships based on trust. • They are caring, empathetic, and appreciative of others. They are reliable, patient, and easy to get along with. • Strong team players, they enjoy being part of a team.

Disadvantages: o Have a hard time adapting to change. o Tell you what they think you want to hear, rather than what they really think or feel. o Have difficulty prioritizing. o Pick up the slack for everyone else, which could lead to burnout and/or limit their ability to take on higher levels of responsibility and complexity in their own work. o Seem to place too much emphasis on feelings, and may be seen as indecisive or indirect communicators.

How can you tell if someone’s preferred communication style is Considerate? ✔They listen more than they talk. ✔They speak softly and slowly, yet in a warm tone of voice. ✔Interested in colleagues’ personal lives, they typically engage in small talk. ✔Their workspace is friendly, welcoming, and likely decorated with photos of key people in their life.

Tips for Communicating with a Considerate Communicator ! Take a relaxed, agreeable, and cooperative approach. ! Match your pace and volume of speech to theirs. ! Tell them about upcoming changes early on, and let them adapt to change slowly. ! Give them time to process information. ! Solicit specific feedback from them, reassuring them you won’t take offense. ! Make one-on-one time for them.

! Build a trust-based relationship with them, over time.

Tips for People with a Spirited Communication Style 1. Respect decisions and agenda that have been agreed upon, as well as time limits during meetings or any communicative situation. 2. Try to limit your sharing of personal anecdotes that may take the discussion off-topic. 3. Make sure you are allowing others to contribute their ideas and suggestions – and that you are genuinely listening to them. 4. Be certain that any request you make is clear and that you convey the reason for such request. 5. Communicate your appreciation for others’ work and input.

Tips for People with a Considerate Communication Style 1. Recognize that other people’s opinions about a topic are separate from their opinions about you. 2. Realize that not everyone is comfortable discussing personal topics with colleagues. 3. Allow others to open personal matters before asking questions of that nature. 4. Respect your own opinion as you respect that of others’. 5. Recognize that you don’t have to be friends with everyone, but you should treat others – and be treated – professionally.

Tips for People with a Direct Communication Style 1. Make an effort to listen carefully to others. Avoid interrupting. 2. Allow time for ‘chatting’ at the beginning of a meeting. 3. Recognize that others may also feel the need to express themselves. 4. Recognize that brainstorming can be effective and is not a waste of time. 5. Take some time to show your appreciation for others’ contributions.

Tips for People with a Systematic Communication Style 1. Recognize that for good working relationships, consideration for others’ feelings is important. 2. Learn to ask qualifying questions that will help you get the information you need. 3. Make sure you understand the background of the discussion or scope of the conversation so no time is wasted. 4. Politely ask other questions about themselves if you want to build rapport. 5. If you need to ask for more time to know, analyze or discuss something, explain the benefit of the information you need to know.

What is your communication style?

Varieties and Registers of Spoken and Written Language Language Varieties What is a variety? A variety or “lects” refer to any variant of a language which can be sufficiently delimited from one another. ✘ Social

✘ Historical

✘ Spatial

✘ Or a combination of these

Varieties of Language 1. Pidgin - is a new language which develops in situations where speakers of different languages need to communicate but do not share a common language. - A lexifier is a particular language where the vocabulary of a pidgin comes from. Examples: ✘ Nigerian pidgin

✘ Bislama (spoken in Vanuatu)

2. Creole - is a pidgin that becomes the first language of the children and the mother tongue of a community. Examples: ✘ Gullah

✘ Patwa (Jamaican creole)

✘ Pidgin (Hawai’I Creole English)

3. Regional Dialect - is not a distinct language but a variety of a language spoken in a particular area of a country. Examples: ✘ Hillbilly English (from the Appalachians in the USA)

✘ Geordie (from the Newcastle upon Tyne in the UK)

4. Minority Dialect - is a variety used as a marker of identity, usually alongside a standard variety, by the members of a particular minority ethnic group. Examples: ✘ African American Vernacular English in the USA

✘ London Jamaican in Britain

✘ Aboriginal English in Australia 5. Indigenized Varieties - are spoken mainly as second languages in excolonies with multilingual populations. Examples:

✘ Singlish (spoken in Singapore)

Language Registers What is a languange register? According to Nordquist (2018), a language register is: - defined as the way a speaker uses language differently in different circumstances - determined by factors as social occasion, context, purpose, and audience - determine the vocabulary, structure, and some grammar in one’s writing and even in one’s oral discourse.

5 Distinct Registers (Nordquist, 2018)

1. Frozen - it refers to historic language or communication that is intended to remain unchanged, like a constitution or a prayer. Examples: The Holy Bible, The United States Constitution, The Bhagavad Gita, and Romeo and Juliet 2. Formal - is used in professional, academic, or legal settings where communication is expected to be respectful, uninterrupted, and restrained. Slang is never used and contractions are rare. Examples: a TED talk, a business presentation, the Encyclopedia Britannica, and Gray’s Anatomy by Henry Gray 3. Consultative - is used in conversation when they are speaking with someone who has specialized knowledge or who is offering advice. Tone is often respectful (use of courtesy titles), but may be more casual if the relationship is longstanding or friendly. Examples: the local TV news broadcast, an annual physical examination, a service provider like a plumber 4. Casual - is used when they are with friends, close acquaintances and co-workers, and family. Examples: a birthday party, a backyard BBQ 5. Intimate - is reserved for special occasions, usually between only two people and often in private Examples: an inside joke between two college friends or a word whispered in a lover’s ear

Language Registers are classified as: 1. Formal Language Register - is more appropriate for professional writing and letters to a boss or a stranger - is impersonal, meaning, it is not written for a specific person and without emotion Examples: 1. business letters

2.letters of complaint

5. official speeches

3. some essays

6. Announcements

4. reports 7. professional e-mails

Rules in formal writing: A. Do not use contractions. cannot instead of can’t have not instead of haven’t is not instead of isn’t B. Spell out numbers less than one hundred. twenty-one forty-six C. Write in third person point of view. Avoid using I, we, you, us D. Avoid using too much passive verb. Passive:The bone was eaten by the dog. Active:The dog ate the bone. E. Avoid using slang, idioms, exaggeration (hyperboles) and clichés. (awesome/cool, check it out, ok/okay) F. Avoid abbreviations and acronyms. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Department of Education (DepEd) influenza (flu) Philippine Pesos (PhP) G. Do not start sentences with words like, and, so, but, also. Here are some good transition words and phrases to use in formal writing: Nevertheless, Additionally, However, In addition, As a result of, Although H. Always write in complete sentences. Write longer, more complex sentences. 2. Informal Language Register - is conversational and appropriate when writing to friends and people you know very well. Examples:

a. personal e-mails e. most blogs

b. phone texts c. short notes f. diaries and journals

d. friendly letters

There are no major rules to informal writing but you can include things such as:

a. slangs and cliches

b. figurative language

c. symbols and abbreviations

d. acronyms

e. incomplete sentences

f. short sentences

g. first person, second person POV j. personal opinions

h. paragraphs or no paragraphs

k. extra punctuations

i. jokes

l. passive and active voice

3. Neutral Language Register - is not necessarily formal or informal. Also used to deliver facts. Examples: a. reviews

d. some letters

b. articles

e. technical writing

c. some letters

The modern generation has ushered a new era of language users who have consistently challenged the traditionally accepted, conventional notions on linguistic structures and grammar. Truly, language has inevitably evolved with the influence both of social sub-groups and of language theorists who somehow “create” their own rules on grammar and syntax. This is evident in most societies, and is very much apparent in the Philippine context. One obvious example is the use of a different set of words, meanings and sentence structures by the members of various sectors of society. It was only in the first few years of the 21st century when terms such as ‘chugbak’ (die/death), ‘keber’ (do not care), ‘eklavu’ (false, lie) and many more were introduced in the Philippine working vocabulary. Although the formal inclusion of such words to the corpus of Filipino language is still doubtful, it would not be surprising if in the future, these linguistic structures are printed on Filipino dictionaries, as these are continuously being used in the streets, in the mass media, and in many social circles. Their use and predominance are probably inescapable, even when some purists and conservatives are not keen to using such language. In the past, one of the strongest and creative linguistic features that emerged in the Philippines is word reversal, where people reverse the way words are uttered. It originally intended to be a convenient way to hide meanings within a clique or social circle, as if it were a code, but its massive popularity prompted its proliferation. Primary examples are “repapips” (pare, or friends), “ermats” (mater, or mother), “erpats” (pater or father), “yeko” (okey or okay), “yosi” (first and last syllable of ‘SIgarilYO’ or cigarette), and many more. This was a linguistic phenomenon in the Philippines in the early 80s up to the late 90s, and has seen a recurrence in late 2016, with terms such as “lodi” (idol) and “petmalu” (malupit, or tremendous) taking the entire country by storm. (an excerpt from the academic paper “Modern Linguistic Phenomena in the Philippines” by Tejada, K. 2017)

Improving One’s Ability in Communicating in a Multicultural Setting   

Everything should start with a personal desire and strong conviction to relate more effectively with persons having different cultural backgrounds. This will not only create positive personal relationships, but also open more opportunities for professional growth. Limiting one’s reliance on preconceived notions and established stereotypes is also a major leap towards effective intercultural communication.

1. Refrain from forming expectations based solely on your culture. - Knowing and accepting the validity of cultural differences - Allowing yourself to be immersed in the multicultural society and embracing diversity 2. Remove personal biases or any stereotype that may impede understanding. - ‘dictated’ how you view or feel about other people or other groups - identify which among these pre-judgments are stereotypes that can damage relationships

3. Make a personal commitment to develop communication skills appropriate in multicultural settings. o I will make a commitment to seek information from persons whose cultures are different from my own. o I will try to understand how the experiences of persons from different cultures leads them to develop perspectives that differ from mine. o I will pay attention to the situation and the context when I communicate with persons from different cultures. o I will make every effort to become a more flexible communicator. o I will not insist that persons from other cultures should communicate with me on my terms.

Communication and Globalization History of English • A look at what words the Anglo-Saxons and Vikings bought to the English language. • In 1066, William the Conqueror invaded Britain and bought with him fancy French words to add to the English language. • This video tells us that Shakespeare invented over 2000 new words and phrases like eyeball, anchovy and puppy. • Illustrating that in 1611, the new King James Bible was created and gave us many famous phrases. • In the 17th Century, new science words were being created like acid, ovary and tonsil. • Exploring how the British Empire spread across the world bringing back many new words and phrases. • A look at how lexicographers started creating the Dictionary of the English Language to ensure that everyone spelt words correctly and knew their correct definition. • Learn about American-English and h...