MDC1 Final Exam Concept Guide PDF

Preview

Summary

Final exam review...

Description

Final Exam Concept Guide

Infection (signs/symptoms) Low WBC count, increased HR, increased Respirations, low BP, fever Wounds: red, draining, edema, heat

Nursing interventions to decrease risk of pressure injuries Change position every 2 hours, padding (foam dressing, pillows), passive ROM, barrier cream, keep patient’s skin dry, ambulate, don’t put pressure on bony prominences, When moving a patient: use a lift device >35 lbs

Dosage and calc (basic conversions) Look at practice quizzes*

HIV/AIDS (s/s, labs (CD4 & CD8 counts) Patient with HIV: CD4 count= lower than normal (normal CD4 range= 500-1200) CD8= normal (normal CD8 range= 150-1000)

Progresses to AIDS: CD4: less than 200 CD8: increased s/s: night sweats, Kaposi’s sarcoma, weight loss, fatigue, recurrent infections - Kaposi's sarcoma is a type of cancer that forms in the lining of blood and lymph vessels. The tumors (lesions) of Kaposi's sarcoma typically appear as painless purplish spots on the legs, feet or face. Lesions can also appear in the genital area, mouth or lymph nodes. AIDS decreases protein absorption

Antiretroviral drugs (what do they do?) Prevents virus replication HIV/AIDS patients on these meds for life; cannot cure HIV entirely CD4 count should increase Viral load (amount of virus in an infected person’s blood): should go down

Cataracts

A cataract is opacity of the lens that distorts the image projected onto the retina and that can progress to blindness. No pain associated with cataracts, blurred vision, and reversible

Assessment: a. Blurred vision and decreased color perception are early signs. b. Diplopia, reduced visual acuity, absence of the red reflex, and the presence of a white pupil are late signs. Pain or eye redness is associated with age-related cataract formation. c. Loss of vision is gradual.

Glaucoma Increased IOP, painful, irreversible 10-21 mm Hg 

When intraocular pressure increases it leads to compression of the retinal blood vessels and the photoreceptors and their nerve fibers resulting in hypoxemia and health of the tissue and loss of vision.



Primary open angel: most common type, affects both eyes, gradual loss of vision



Signs and symptoms: foggy vision, mild eye aching, headache



Late signs and symptoms after irreversible eye damage: halos around lights, losing peripheral vision, decreased visual perception that not improve with eyeglasses



Secondary and associated glaucoma

POAG: Painless, and vision changes are slow; results in “tunnel” vision PACG: Blurred vision, halos around lights, and ocular erythema

Pain assessment (pain scale, questions, vitals) -PQRST (where, when did it start, what makes it better or worse, dull or achy (quality)) -Therapeutic communication -It’s not just phantom limb pain, assess/ interview the patient Nonverbal signs of pain: grimacing, guarding, restless, vital sign changes (elevated BP, HR, respirations) 

0-10 scale



grimacing, guarding, verbalization



PQRST assessment (provocation, quality, region, severity, timing)



Wong-baker faces pain scale (>3)



FLACC scale (face, legs, activity, crying, consolability)



CRIES scale (...