Medical Terminology Chapter 1-13 Final Edit PDF

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Medical Terminology Chapters 1-13 Classics 2MT3: Ancient Roots of Medical Terminology

Medical Terminology – Chapter 1

https://quizlet.com/182994368/medical-terminology-flash-cards/ TIPS  When deciphering terms, always start backwards by figuring out what the suffix means first  Also the wording in front of a term can tell you if it is a noun or adjective “the/a”= noun and “pertaining/preferentially to”= adjective  UNIVERSAL PLAN B: “something involving” NOTE Any noun can be changed to an adjective, but there always must be a change in ending  Jack broke his crani-um (noun termination)  He has crani-al pain (adjectival termination)  Or x-o-cente-sis; The surgical puncturing of x TO x-o-centet-ic; pertaining to the surgical puncturing of x. Endings that change to mean “p.t” and become an adjective  Patellolytic = p.t. the separation of adhesions of the knee-cap  Coxomalacic= p.t. the softening of the hips  Iliaca = pertaining to the ilium  Edematous= Pertaining to the swelling of x Latin Translations (See Chart on page 14-15 for endings)  Regio brachialis = a region pertaining to an arm  Nervus cranialis = a nerve pertaining to the skull  Musculus sternalis = a muscle pertaining to the sternum  Membrana nervosa =a membrane pertaining to a nerve  Membrana cerebellaris = a membrane pertaining to the cerebellum  Musculus pubococcygeus = a muscle p.t. the coccyx, involving the pubis (refer to Universal Plan B)  Similarly, Musculus coracobrachialis = a muscle p.t. the arm, involving the coracoid process The Truth about -IA and -OSIS  Do not have an independent meaning like -y  Rule of Thumb is not perfect: If X names a physical object translate x-ia/x-osis to an abnormal condition involving x  Follow Plan A first: the abstract idea signifies by the equivalent of -NESS, generates a formulaic translation conditioned by the nature of the x in each case  Plan B if Plan A does not work: an abnormal condition involving x  In many medical terms, the "-ia" is part of a larger termination which indicates the nature of the medical condition (e.g. "x-o-plasia" = "the formation of x"). The same thing holds true for terms ending in "-osis"  "-ia" and "-osis" (just like "-y", "-is", and "-esis") do not have an independent meaning. This is why "an abnormal condition involving x" is not part of the definition of the double-termination terms (such as "x-o-plas-ia" or "x-o-necr-osis") which end in "-ia" or "-osis"  Medical terms ending in "-ia" or "-osis" are only translated as "an abnormal condition involving ..." when the "-ia" or "-osis" immediately follows the combining form, rather than being part of a longer termination X-orrhea and X-orrhagia: More about Constraints Imposed by "X"

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 X-orrhea = the flowing of x (if x can flow) o If X cannot flow, use PLAN B if PLAN A does not work, “the flowing of something from x” o Ex. Plan A= Wrong= oste-o-rrhea= the flowing of bone o Ex. Plan B = Right= oste-o-rrhea= the flowing of something from bone  X-orrhagia works the same way Note: if Plan B does not work use Universal Plan B mentioned above Singular  “One with a disease of the breasts is = mammopath VS. a disease of the breasts is = mammopathy”  “Pertaining to the ingestion of a cell= cytophagy VS. pertaining to the ingestion of cells= cytophagous” Plural   

Latin Fibrae= fibers Suturae= sutures Nervi=nerves

Little Stuff-> diminutive, look at chart  Venula= a little vein Nomina Anatomica For the following imaginary Nomina Anatomica phrase [consisting of 1 noun (the first word) and 2 adjectives], choose the correct adjectival endings: Hint: Use the noun's termination (the part after the "x") to determine the gender and number of the noun and choose the adjectival endings which match. Example: x-us cardiac{us} cranial{is}

Diminutives

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Words     

with “Part” in translation Prosopocerebrum = the part of the cerebrum involving the face Neurohypophysis = the part of the pituitary gland involving the nerves Otencephalon= the part of the brain involving the ear When 2 terms are in one word Weird: Pneumatencephalon or pneumencephalon = a collection of air in the brain

Other:  Pharyngolaryngoscopy = the examination of the larynx, involving the pharynx Chapter 13 Part 1 Anticarparthritic = against the inflammation of the joints of the wrists Hypocerebrotrophy= the insufficient growth/nourishment of the brain Prosuprapulmonary= before something above the lungs Endostomachogram= a record of something inside the stomach Postlabial= located behind the lip Retrovesicedema = the swelling of something behind the bladder Perivenocirrhosis=the hardening of something surrounding the vein Chapter 13 Part 2 Note: when something does not make sense insert “of something”, when it does make sense do not put, see below

Hyposanguinorrhea= the insufficient flowing of blood hypercrinorrhea= the flowing of excessive secretions hypopneosis= an abnormal condition involving insufficient breathing

“Of Something” Ectomastocirrhosis=the hardening of something outside the breast

Intrapodagra= gouty pain in something inside the foot Circumfrontostomy=the making of an opening in something around the frontal

bone

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Hypomelotrophy= the insufficient growth/nourishment of the limb Extratheleplasia=the formation of something outside the nipple ento-omectomy=the cutting out of something inside the shoulder epicoccygoschisis= the splitting of something upon the coccyx subphrenelcosis=the ulceration of something below the diaphragm interbronchiasis= the abnormal presence of something between the bronchi endoparietia= an abnormal condition involving something inside the parietal

bone Or when there is only two terms, it will have “al” at the end

inside the joint of the elbow Suprapedal=above the foot Epirhinal=upon the nose Epicholecystic= upon the gall bladder Enanconarthral=

When X does not name an object  x-o-kinet-olog-y = pertaining to the movement of x  x-o-clast-ic = pertaining to the breaking of x NOT pertaining to something which breaks x One who does the X thing  x-o-centet-ist = one who surgically punctures x NOT one who specializes in the surgical puncturing of x  x-ostom-ist = one who makes an opening in x  x-o-metr-ist = one who measures x Constraints for one who does the X thing x-ist Plan A: One who (does the action of) x {usually x is a verb} Plan B: One who specializes in x {economist= one who specializes in house-hold law} Only Common Verb Termination x-iz-e

Adjectives Termination

Translation To (do the action of) x To make (something) x

Translation

x-al

Pertaining to x

x-ic

Pertaining to x

x-ous

Pertaining to x

x-ar-y

Pertaining to x

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x-ar

Pertaining to x

x-an

Pertaining to x

x-in-e

Pertaining to x

x-ac

Pertaining to x

x-oid

Resembling x

Nouns (mostly all other word terminations are nouns) Termination Translation x-ia

An abnormal condition involving x Synonym x-os/is or-ot x-ist Plan A: One who (does the action of) x Plan B: One who specializes in x x-in A substance (which does the action) of x Suffixes that are nouns but do not have a predictable meaning -e -ism -y -is -s

Nouns Ending

Gender

Translation

Example

x-us

M

(the/a) x

Muc/us

Literal Translation Slime

x-a

F

(the/a) x

Vertebr/a

A joint

x-um

N

(the/a) x

Crani/um

The/a skull

x-on

N

(the/a) x

Gangli/on

A knot

Adjectives -M=x-(e)us -F=x-(e)a -N=x-(e)um Note: They are all “pertaining to x” (male) or “resembling a” (female?) Alternative Endings (not sure if this is right, but these are the patterns I saw) Latin? A=UM OR UM= NOTHING ARIS=ARE AL=ALIS ALE=AL ALIS=ALE AN=ANUS AC=ACIS ACA=ACUS COSA=COUS CUS=CA EA=EUM EUM=EUS EUS=EA

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EAR=EARIS IC=ICUS OUS=US OID=EUS UM=OUS US= ICUS Abstract Nouns: Diagnostic Derived Suffixes denoting medical problems often end with the primary suffixes –is and –y. Termination Translation x-itis The Inflammation of x x-o-rrhexis The rupturing of x x-o-schisis The splitting of x x-iasis The abnormal presence of x x-o-clasis

The breaking of x

x-osis x-otx-o-pathy

An abnormal condition involving x

x-o-megaly x-o-phagy

A disease of x x-o-path: one with a disease of x The enlargement of x The ingestion of x The eating of x

Noun-endings made by adding to a base, the derived suffix –es/-is. Termination Translation x-o-genesis/x-ogeny

The production of x

x-o-poiesis or x-o-plasia

The formation of x

x-o-kinesis

The movement of x

The primary suffix –ia and the derived suffix –osis are often added to bases to form new derived suffixes. Because the bases involved usually imply the idea of some specific abnormality it is misleading to prefix the following definitions with the vague phrases and abnormal condition involving. Termination Translation x-algia

Plan A: Pain in x (x is capable of feeling pain) Plan B: Pain involving x (where X is NOT capable of feeling pain)

x-o-dynia

Pain in x Pain involving x?

x-o-plegia x-o-penia x-orrhagia

Synonym: x- algia The paralysis of x A deficiency of x The rapid flowing of (something from) x

x-o-malacia

The softening of x

x-o-necrosis

The death of x

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x-o-stenosis

The narrowing of x

x-o-sclerosis

The hardening of x

x-o-ptosis

The downward displacement of x

Irregular endings. Termination

Translation

x-agra

Gouty pain in x

x-o-rrhea

The flowing of x the flowing of something from x The flowing of (something from) x The swelling of x

x-edema x-o-cele x-o-lith

The protrusion of x The protrusion of something through x A calculus in(volving) x

x-o-spasm

A spasm of x

x-ismus

A spasm of x

Derived suffixes consisting of a prefix, a base and a noun-forming primary suffix. Note “ec”= out, “a”= lack of, without Termination Translation x-ectopia The displacement of x x-ectasia The distention of x x-o-plasia The formation of x x-o-dysplasia x-o-trophy x-o-dystrophy x-atrophy

The defective formation of x The growth/nourishment of x The defective growth of x The lack of growth of x

x-asthenia

The lack of strength of x

Abstract Nouns: Therapeutic ending in –y and –is Termination Translation x-o-therapy

Treatment by means of x

x-iatry/ iatric

The healing of x

x-o-stasis

The stopping of x

x-o-plasty

The surgical repairing of x

x-o-centesis

The surgical puncturing of x

x-orrhaphy

The suturing of x or P.t

x-otomy

The cutting of x

x-ectomy x-ostomy x-ics

The cutting out of x The making of an opening in x The science of x

x-ology

The study of x

x-o-scopy

The examination of x

x-o-metry

The measurement of x

x-o-graphy

The recording of x

Termination

Translation

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x-o-pexy

The adhesion of x (diagnostic) The fixation of x (therapeutic)

x-o-lysis

The disintegration of x (diagnostic) The separation of the adhesions of x (therapeutic)

x-o-lytic

Disintegrating or disintegrated by x

x-o-lysin

Substance that disintegrates x

x-o-tropism

The tendency to preferentially affect x (diagnostic or therapeutic)

Concrete Nouns Some therapeutic nouns have derivative concrete forms denoting the instrument or the “doer”. Termination Translation x-o-phage x-otome x-ectome x-o-scope

Something which ingests x An instrument for cutting x An instrument for cutting out x An instrument for examining x

x-o-clast x-o-stat x-o-gen x-o-path

Something which breaks x Something which stops x Something that stops x A substance which produces x One with a disease of x

x-o-graph

An instrument for recording x

x-o-gram

A record of x

x-o-meter

An instrument for measuring x

Adjectives with Special Meanings Termination Translation x-o-genic

Producing x

x-o-genous x-o-tropic

Produced by x Preferentially affecting x

Other Termination x-o-kinetic x-o-kinesis x-openic x-algic

Translation Pertaining to the movement of x P.t. the movement of x The movement of x Pertaining to a deficiency of x p.t. A deficiency of x Pertaining to pain in x Pertaining to pain involving x P.t. Pain in x p.t. Pain involving x p.t. Pain in(volving) x

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Pertaining to pain in(volving) x Latin Inflectional Endings; nominative or possessive/ single or plural/ masculine or feminine or neuter Nouns Ending Gender Translation Example Literal Translation x-us M (the/a) x Muc/us Slime x-a

F

(the/a) x

Vertebr/a

A joint

x-um

N

(the/a) x

Crani/um

The/a skull

x-on

N

(the/a) x

Gangli/on

A knot

Adjectives -M=x-(e)us -F=x-(e)a -N=x-(e)um->> most likely “resembling a” Note: They are all “pertaining to x” Part B: Notes that may need to be memorized Adjectives x-oplasty The surgical repairing of x x-oplastic x-odystrophy

Pertaining to the surgical repairing of x The defective growth of x

x-odystrophic

Pertaining to the defective growth of x

x-ophagy

The eating of x

x-ophagous

Pertaining to the eating of x

x-ogenesis

The production of x

x-ogenetic

Pertaining to the production of x

x-ostasis

The stopping of x

x-ostatic

Pertaining to the stopping of x

x-edema

The swelling of x

x-edematous

Pertaining to the swelling of x

x-ospasm

A spasm of x

x-ospastic

Pertaining to a spasm of x

x-ectasia

The distention of x

x-ectatic x-opexy

Pertaining to the distention of x The adhesion/fixation of x

x-opectic

Pertaining to the adhesion/fixation of x

x-orrhexis

The rupturing of x

x-orrhectic x-oscopic

Pertaining to the rupturing of x Pertaining to the examination of x OR Pertaining to an instrument for examining x

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x-ographic

Pertaining to the recording of x OR Pertaining to an instrument for recording x OR Pertaining to a record of x

Nouns The abnormal presence of x x-iasis

x-o-lith-ias-is

The abnormal presence of a calculus in(volving) x

x-hemia

The abnormal presence of blood in x The abnormal presence of x in the blood

Medical Terminology Chapter 2 Combining Form Translation Anthropo Man Som-(at)o Body

Latin

Derm(at)o

Skin

Derma / dermis

Epiderm(at)o

Epidermis

Epidermis

Ctyo/Cyt-

cell

x-o-cyte

A cell of x

Arthro

Joint

Acro

Extremities

Melo

Limb

Cephalo

Head

Tricho

Hair

Blepharo

Eyelid

Ophthalm

Eye

Oto

Ear

Rhino

Nose

Prosopo

Face

Facio

Face

Cervico

Neck

Trachelo

Neck

Omo

Shoulder

Brachio

Arm

Ancono

Elbow

Cheiro / chiro

Hand

Cervix

Brachium

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Dactyl

Digit

Onycho

Nail

Thoraco

Chest

Stetho

Chest

Mast

Breast

Mammo

Breast

Thele

Nipple

Omphalo

Navel

Umbel(ic)o/ Umbil

Navel

Gluteo / glut

Buttock

Gono / gonyo

Knee

Podo

Foot

Pedo

foot

Thorax

Mamma

Umbilicus

Pes

Medical Terminology Chapter 3 Bones Osteo Bone x-ostosis The ossification of x Oss(e)o

Bone

Skeleton

Skeleton

Os

Cranio

Skull

Cleido

Collar bone

Cranium

Claviculo / Clav(ic)i

Collar bone

Clavicula

Acromio

Acromion

Acromion

Coraco / coracoido

Coracoid process

Humero

Humerus

Humerus

Cubito

Elbow

Cubitus

Ulno

Ulna

Ulna

Radio

Radius

Radius

Carpo

Wrist

Carpus

Phalango

Phalanges

Phalanges

Scapula

Shoulder blade

Scapula

Rach(i)o / rhach(i)o

Spine

Spina

Myelo

Spinal cord / bone marrow

Spondylo

Vertebra

Vertebro

Vertebra

Vertebra

Costo / costi

Rib

Costa

Sterno

Chest

Sternum

Xipho / xiphoido

Xiphoid process

Coxo

Hip

Coxa

Pelvi / pelv(i)o

Pelvis

Pelvis

ilio

Ilium

Ilium

Ischio

Ischium

Ischium

Pubo / pubi

Pelvis

Pubis

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Sacro

Pubis

Sacrum

Coccygo

Coccyx

Coccyx

Acetabulo

Acetabulum

Acetabulum

Femoro Femora Patello

Femur Femurs Knee cap (patella)

Femur

Tibio

Tibia

Tibia

Fibulo

Fibula

Fibula

Tarso

Tarsus (ankle)

Tarsus

Patella

Calcaneo

Calcaneus

Calcaneus

Talo

Talus

Talus

Astragalo

Talus

Astragalus

Connectors Chondro

Cartilage
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