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 GL  1. Eukaryotic chromosomes differ from prokaryotic chromosomes because only eukaryotes have  A. Histone proteins  B. Chromosomes in the nucleus  C. Several to many chromosomes  D. All of the choices are correct   IC  2. Each nucleotide is composed of  A. One phosphate, one nitrogenous base, one sugar  B. One phosphate, one nitrogenous base, two sugar  C. Two phosphate, one nitrogenous base, one sugar  D. Two phosphate, one nitrogenous base, two sugars   IC  3. Transformation is a process by which a bacterial cell undergoes genetic change through  A. Mutation  B. Gene transfer using basteriophages  C. Sexual process  D. Intake of foreign DNA

 GL   4. In this experiment in 1928, Griffith showed that genes from dead bacteria can be transferred to live bacteria. What else happened in 1928  A. Cartoon star Mickey Mouse was born  B. Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin  C. First US air-conditioned office building opens in San Antonio  D. All the answers are correct   IC  5. The use of an organism’s biochemical processes to create a product is  A. Genetic engineering  B. Biotechnology  C. Recombinant DNA  D. Gel electrophoresis   IC  6. What is not correct for DNA gel electrophoresis?  A. In agarose gel, DNA fragments are subjected to an electrical current  B. DNA molecule has a negative charge— moves toward the positive pole  C. DNA molecule has a positive charge— moves toward the positive pole  D. Smaller fragments move faster

   IC  7. Primers are used in PCR technology. Primers are:  A. Short RNA molecules  B. Enzymes  C. Primary proteins  D. Short fragments of DNA   IC  8. Common vectors used to transfer a piece of DNA into cloning host are  A. Plasmids  B. Viruses  C. Transposons  D. All of the choices are correct   IC  9. Which PCR step causes the denaturation of double-stranded DNA?  A. Adding DNA polymerase and nucleotides at 72℃  B. Cooling DN TO BETWEEN 50℃ and 65℃  C. Add primers  D. Heating to 94℃   IC  10. Transgenic organisms are:  A. The organisms containing multiple copies of one gone  B. Recombinant plants and animals altered by addition of genes from other organisms  C. The organisms transformed by mutation  D. The organisms transformed by transduction  GL 11. In the United States, FDA is the agency that regulates the use of Genetically Modified (GM) food. According to FDA regulations, A. Food manufacturing companies have to label GM food B. Food manufacturing companies do not have to label GM food C. Does not allow marketing of GM food in the USA D. The GM food is allowed for animal use only IC 12. The use of chemical agents directly on exposed body surfaces to destroy or inhibit pathogens is A. Decontamination B. Sterilization C. Antisepsis D. Sanitization

IC 13. The process that destroys or removes all microorganisms and microbial forms including bacterial endospores on inanimate objects is A. Decontamination B. Sterilization C. Antisepsis D. Sanitization IC 14. Before discarding two Erlenmeyer flasks containing the same pathogenic bacteria, the lab technician needs to sterilize them first. The 1st flask contains one million cells and the 2nd- one billion cells. After exposing the flasks to high temperatures for 5 min A. All the cells in both flasks will be killed B. All the cells in both flasks will be alive C. 10,000 cells will be killed in both flasks D. There will be more living cells in the flask containing one billion cells than in the flask containing 1 million cells IC 15. Some microbial control agents are able to ____ cell proteins by breaking bonds that maintain the native state, three-dimensional configuration of the proteins. A. Denature B. Bind C. Dissolve D. All of the choices are correct IC 16. Which is correct? A. Hepatitis virus can survive up to 10 min of boiling B. Some bacterial spores can survive C. Cooking at the temperature of 90°C for 10 min kills vegetative cells of bacteria, viruses, and the fungi D. Viruses are never killed by boiling IC 17. Which procedure is more efficient in killing bacterial cells? A. Keeping cells at 5°C for 24th B. Exposing cells to the freezing temperature gradually C. Exposing cells to ordinary refrigeration temperatures D. Exposing cells to freezing temperature rapidly IC 18. The UV light is used for sterilization of the air. Which of the following statement is NOT correct:

A. UV light damages DNA B. It is used in hospital operation rooms C. It is harmful for eyes and skin D. It penetrates deep into the substrate that is sterilized IC 19. Which of the following microbial forms have the highest resistance to physical and chemical controls? A. Naked viruses B. Protozoan cysts C. Fungal spores D. Bacterial endospores GL 20. What is correct for Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) A. Emperor of the French B. He was born in Corsica C. Offered a cash prize to whoever could develop a reliable method preservation D. All of the above are correct IC 21. Hyaluronidase is an exoenzyme produced by bacteria that A. Digest other bacteria B. Hydrolyzes a substance that cements animal cells together C. Digest peptidoglycan layer of gram-positive bacteria. D. Is involved in bioremediation IC 21. Penicillin and cephalosporins A. Interfere with elongation of peptides B. Are metabolic analogs of PABA and block folic synthesis C. Attach to the 30S ribosomal subunit and disrupt protein synthesis D. Block cross-linking glycan molecules during peptidoglycan synthesis IC 22. B-lactamase is an enzyme that A. That breaks down lactose B. Inactivates penicillin C. Is less effective in semi-synthetic penicillin D. Both B and C are correct IC 23. Which of the following antibacterial drug group does NOT target protein synthesis? A. Chloramphenicol B. Erythromycin C. Tetracycline

D. Sulfonamides IC 24. Antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis are: A. Penicillin B. Penicillin, Cephalosporin C. Penicillin, Cephalosporin, Chloramphenicol D. Chloramphenicol IC 25. There are fewer antifungal drugs compared to antibacterial drugs because fungi A. Do not cause many human infections B. Are not affected by antimicrobials C. Are so similar to human cells that drug selective toxicity is difficult D. Are parasites found inside human cells IC 26. There is a limited number of antiviral drugs because viruses A. Have either RNA or DNA B. Are protected with a protein coat C. They are intracellular parasites D. They are resistant to high temperatures

IC 27. The human body typically begins to be colonized its normal biota A. Before birth, in uterus B. During and right after birth C. When child first goes to school D. When an infants gets its first disease. IC 28. The greatest number of pathogens enter the body through the A. Respiratory system B. Gastrointestinal system C. Urinary system D. Genital system IC 29. Streptococcus pneumonias can cause pneumonia A. In young children only B. When swallowed C. When either swallowed or inhaled D. When inhaled IC 30. Which of the following is not a method of adhesion?

A. Fimbriae B. Spikes C. Cilia D. Adhesive slime or capsules IC 31. The minimum amount of microbes in the inoculating dose is the A. Virulence factor B. Indigenous biota C. Infectious dose D. Endotoxin IC 32. Which is not correct for skin? A. It cannot be easily infected B. Dermis is the outer thinner portion C. Dermis is the inner thicker portion D. It is not a friendly environment for microbes. IC 33. The chemical found in tears and saliva that hydrolyzes the peptidoglycan in certain bacterial call walls is A. Lactic Acid B. Hydrochloric acid C. Lysozyme D. Histamine IC 34. The Reticuloendothelial system A. Is a support network of connective tissue fibers B. Provides a passageway with and between tissue and organs C. D. All are correct IC 35. Inflammation is a body’s response to microbial infection. In occurs in 3 stages in the following order A. Pus formation, edema, tissue repair B. Fever, edema, pus formation D. Vasodilation, edema and pus formation, tissue repair IC. 36. Diapedesis is a process by which A. White blood cells kill bacteria B. Bacteria attach itself to the host tissue C. White blood cells exit the blood vessels

D. Fluid assimilates within the tissue. IC. 37. Which is correct for pyrogens? A. Exogenous pyrogens are products liberated from white blood cells. B. Endogenous pyrgoens are liberated from white blood cells. C. Endogenous pryrogens are products of infectious agents D. None are correct IC 38. All of the following pertain to interferon EXPECT A. It is a protein B. Produced by certain white blood cells and tissue cells C. Inhibits viruses, tumors, and cancer gene expression. D. Increase capillary permeability and vasodilation IC 39....