Microbiology Reflection Chapters 14&15 PDF

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BIOL 2104: Reflection-8 (Ch 14-15)

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Chapter 14: Host Defense I: Nonspecific Immunity, page 382 Chapter 15: Host Defense II: Specific Immunity and Immunization, page 410 1. Explain the terms: a. Innate immunity: immunity defenses already present in the body (physical and chemical barriers), 1st and 2nd lines of defense b. Specific immunity: immunity acquired from exposure to pathogens, 3rd line of defense, specific to a certain pathogen 2. a. Name the three lines of host defenses. i. first line of defense ii. second line of defense iii. third line of defense b. Identify the two components of the first line of defense with example. i. physical barriers, skin ii. chemical barriers, sebum, tears, saliva 3. a. Name the four mechanisms involved in the second line of defense. i. phagocytosis

ii. inflammation

iii. fever iv. antimicrobial proteins

b. Which cellular components of the blood are phagocytic? WBC’s c. What is the role of eosinophils? They attack eukaryotes (helminths and fungi, allergic reactions) 4. Fill up the gaps: a. The skin produces keratin to create a waterproof barrier to microbes. b. A thick layer of mucous in the nasal and respiratory passages traps bacteria. c. Tears and saliva contain lysozyme that hydrolyzes the bacterial cell walls. d. The low pH in the sweat and skin prevents the growth of microbes. 5. Review question: a. Nonspecific chemical first line of defense include all of the following except a. Hydrochloric acid in stomach c. Lectic acid and electrolytes in sweat

b. mucus in the nasal cavity d. Lysozyme in tear

b. The most numerous WBCs that have multilobed nuclei and are very phagocytic are ______. a. Neutrophils b. eosinophils c. monocytes d. basophils

BIOL 2104: Reflection-8 (Ch 14-15)

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6. a. Name the four stages of inflammation. i. Acute: swelling stage

ii. Sub-acute: regenerative stage

iii. Chronic stage: scar tissue maturation iv. Remodeling stage b. Which of the following is NOT a chief function of inflammation? i. Start tissue repair ii. Destroy microbes iii. Cause fever iv. Block further invasion 7. a. Name the four events in phagocytosis: i. Activation ii. Chemotaxis iii. Attachment to microbe or cell iv. Ingestion b. Which of the following is not an event in phagocytosis? a. Chemotaxis

b. Phagolysosome formation

c. Inflammation

d. Ingestion

c. The main function of the mononuclear phagocyte system is to provide – a. Surveillance cells c. Connection between tissues and organs b. Filtration of blood d. Filtration of extracellular fluid 8. Define the following terms: a. Antigen: any substance that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against it b. Antibody: a blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen c. Specificity: the selective attachment or influence of one substance on another, as an antibiotic and its target organism or an antibody and its specific antigen. d. Memory: a long-lived lymphocyte that carries the antibody or receptor for a specific antigen after a first exposure to the antigen

9. a. What is lymphocyte: cells that circulate in your blood that are part of the immune system b.

Which of the following is true of antigen-independent period of lymphocyte development? a. Lymphocytes form from stem cells in bone marrow b. Many lymphocytes with different specificities are formed c. Lymphocytes with specificity for self are destroyed d. all are true

10. How B and T lymphocytes differ? B-cell: function as part of the adaptive or acquired immune system. T-cell: function in the cell-mediated component of acquired immune response

BIOL 2104: Reflection-8 (Ch 14-15)

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11. Explain the following antigen-antibody interactions. a. Agglutination: aggregation by antibodies of suspended cells or similar sized particles (agglutinogens) into clumps that settle. b. Opsonization: process of stimulating phagocytosis by affixing molecules to the surfaces of foreign cells or particles. c. Neutralization: process of combining an acid and a base until they reach a balanced proportion, with a pH value close to 7. 12. a. Which immunoglobulin class(es) can fix complement? a. IgM only b. IgG only c. IgE and IgA

d. IgG and IgM

b. Which process involves antibodies coating microorganisms in order to facilitate phagocytosis? a. Neutralization b. Opsonization c. Agglutinization d. Complement fixation 13. a. What is helper-T cell? What is its role in specific immunity? Activate macrophages, assist B-cell processes, and help activate cytotoxic T cells to kill infected target cells. b. What is correct about helper T cells a. Secrete antibodies c. Directly destroy target cells

b. Function in allergic reactions d. Activate B and other T cells

14. Answer the following short questions: a. Who secretes antibodies? monocytes b. What is superantigen? Bacterial toxins that are potent stimuli for T cells and can be a factor in diseases such as toxic shock. c. What is Interferon a protein released by animal cells, usually in response to the entry of a virus, which has the property of inhibiting virus replication. d. Who are antigen presenting cells? Dendritic cells, B Cell, and macrophage e. The antigen presenting cells present the processed antigen to APC membrane and the cell that destroys infected cells is T cells. 15. a. Acquired immunity can be passive or active, explain with example. Passive: You receive antibodies from another person. Natural passive immunity comes from the mother. Artificial passive immunity is administered medically. Artificial passive immunity usually involves administration of antiserum. Antibodies are collected from donors and are injected into people who need protection immediately. Active: Active immunity means that your body produces antibodies to a disease agent. If you contract the disease, you can develop natural active immunity.

BIOL 2104: Reflection-8 (Ch 14-15)

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b. True or False: a. Vaccination provides what type of immunity? True b. IgE antibodies are found in body secretions. False c. Cell surface markers are also often called receptors. True d. Breast milk feeding to babies is artificial passive immunity. False c. What is herd immunity? The status of collective acquired immunity in a population that reduces the likelihood that nonimmune individuals will contract and spread infection. One aim of vaccination is to induce heard immunity....