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MODERN BAMBOO STRUCTURES PROCEEDINGS OF FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MODERN BAMBOO STRUCTURES (ICBS-2007), CHANGSHA, CHINA, 28–30 OCTOBER 2007 Modern Bamboo Structures Editors Yan Xiao Institute of Modern Bamboo, Timber and Composite Structures (IBTCS), Hunan University, Changsha, China Univer...

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MODERN BAMBOO STRUCTURES

PROCEEDINGS OF FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MODERN BAMBOO STRUCTURES (ICBS-2007), CHANGSHA, CHINA, 28–30 OCTOBER 2007

Modern Bamboo Structures

Editors

Yan Xiao Institute of Modern Bamboo, Timber and Composite Structures (IBTCS), Hunan University, Changsha, China University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA

Masafumi Inoue Department of Architectural Engineering, Oita University, Oita, Japan

Shyam K. Paudel International Network for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China

CRC Press/Balkema is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2008 Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK Typeset by Vikatan Publishing Solutions (P) Ltd., Chennai, India Printed and bound in Great Britain by Cromwell Press Ltd, Towbridge, Wiltshire. All rights reserved. No part of this publication or the information contained herein may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written prior permission from the publisher. Although all care is taken to ensure integrity and the quality of this publication and the information herein, no responsibility is assumed by the publishers nor the author for any damage to the property or persons as a result of operation or use of this publication and/or the information contained herein. Published by: CRC Press/Balkema P.O. Box 447, 2300 AK Leiden, The Netherlands e-mail: [email protected] www.crcpress.com – www.taylorandfrancis.co.uk – www.balkema.nl ISBN: 978-0-415-47597-6 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-203-88892-6 (ebook)

Modern Bamboo Structures – Xiao et al. (eds) © 2008 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-415-47597-6

Contents

Preface

ix

Photo of ICBS-2007 participants

xi

Theme papers Opening speech B.S. Rong

3

Bamboo: Low cost and energy saving construction materials K. Ghavami

5

Bamboo in construction D.L. Jayanetti & P.R. Follett

23

Engineered bamboo as a building material S.K. Paudel

33

Development of a new type Glulam—GluBam Y. Xiao, B. Shan, G. Chen, Q. Zhou & L.Y. She

41

Regional reports Development of bamboo structure in India J. Vengala, H.N. Jagadeesh & C.N. Pandey

51

Conceptual development of bamboo concrete composite structure in a typical Tribal Belt, India P. Sudhakar, S. Gupta, S. Bhalla, C. Kordke & S. Satya Bamboo design workshop expressions with bamboo material H. Nakamura & B. Dewancker Investigating laminated bamboo lumber as an alternate to wood lumber in residential construction in the United States S. Rittironk & M. Elnieiri Preservation of bamboo forest by local citizens in Kitakyushu City, Japan T. Kusaba & B. Dewancker

65 75

83 97

An experiment with a locally constructed bouccherie treatment plant in Nepal N. Adhikary

103

Patent analysis of bamboo exploitation and utilization in China F.W. Zhang, J.J. Yang & Y.J. Yu

111

Material properties Mechanical properties of Colombian glued laminated bamboo J. Correal & L. Lopez

v

121

Manufacture of drift pins and boards made from bamboo fiber for timber structures T. Mori, K. Umemura & M. Norimoto

129

Reinforcement using bamboo board and rod around bolt hole at fastener joint in timber structure K. Tanaka, M. Inoue, J. Ishitani, Y. Shirakawa & Z.G. Guan

139

Flexural properties of bamboo sliver laminated lumber under different hygrothermal conditions M.J. Guan & E.C. Zhu

151

Experimental study on flexural behavior of glulam and laminated veneer lumber beams W.Q. Liu, H.F. Yang, F.Q. Dong & D.M. Jiang Effects of machine strength grading methods on dimension lumber grades for Chinese fir plantation H.B. Zhou, H.Q. Ren, J.X. Lu & Y.F. Yin The research of joint composed by laminated bamboo lumber D.S. Zhang, B.H. Fei, H.Q. Ren & Z. Wang

159

171

181

Structural applications of bamboo Application of bamboo connector to timber structure—Introduction of construction and dismantlement of Japanese government pavilion Nagakute in Expo 2005 Aichi, Japan M. Inoue, K. Tanaka, Y. Tagawa, M. Nakahara, Y. Goto, M. Imabayashi & Y. Uchiyama

191

Small bamboo structure made by architecture students at the University of Kitakyushu, Japan B. Dewancker

201

Development of prefabricated bamboo mobile house L.Y. She, B. Shan & Y. Xiao

209

Design and construction of a two-story modern bamboo house G. Chen, Y. Xiao, B. Shan & L.Y. She

215

Prefabricated low cost housing using bamboo reinforcement and appropriate technology A. Widyowijatnoko

223

Design and construction of a modern bamboo pedestrian bridge Q. Zhou, B. Shan & Y. Xiao

231

Construction of world first truck-safe modern bamboo bridge B. Shan, Q. Zhou & Y. Xiao

239

Composites of bamboo and other materials Experimental verification of bamboo-concrete composite bow beam with ferro-cement bond C. Korde, A. Agrawal, S. Gupta & P. Sudhakar

247

Experimental verification of bamboo-concrete composite column with ferro-cement bond S. Gupta, P. Sudhakar, C. Korde & A. Agrawal

253

Wind analysis of bamboo based shed structure and design of base connection for bambcrete column S. Bhalla, P. Sudhakar, S. Gupta & C. Kordke

259

vi

Status and future of the wood-bamboo composite panel industry in China H.Q. Ren, M. Xu & X.Z. Li

267

Experimental study of mechanical behavior of bamboo-steel composite floor slabs Y.S. Li, W. Shan & R. Liu

275

Chemical composition analysis of hybrid bamboo J.M. Xu, R.J. Zhao, B.H. Fei & M. Xu

285

Preliminary study on the application of bamboo in blast protective wall C.L. Liu, K.X. Liu & W.H. Zhang

291

Author index

299

vii

Modern Bamboo Structures – Xiao et al. (eds) © 2008 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-415-47597-6

Preface

In October of 2007, the First International Conference on Modern Bamboo Structures (ICBS2007) was held at the Hunan University, Changsha, China. The conference was co-organized by Hunan University of China, University of Southern California of USA, Oita University of Japan and the International Network of Bamboo and Rattan (INBAR). The sponsors for this conference include: National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC); Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF); China Youth Center for International Exchange; World Bamboo Organization (WBO); American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE); Architectural Institute of Japan (AIJ) American Bamboo Society, USA; Southern California chapter of the American Bamboo Society, USA; Bamboo Society of Australia; Bambu Brasileiro, Brazil; National Mission for Bamboo Application, India; Brazilian Association of Non-Conventional Materials and Technologies, Brazil; Bamboo Technologies, USA; TRADA international, UK. The objective of the conference was to provide an open forum for experts around the world to exchange information and to thoroughly discuss topics related to design, analysis, testing, manufacturing, construction of modern bamboo structures and other natural or non-conventional construction materials. More than fifty presentations have been made by participants from more than twelve countries. The proceedings of the ICBS-2007 include thirty-three papers selected from the final submissions of the conference. The editors are pleased and believe that these papers provide the-state-of-the-art about the research and applications of bamboo in structures. We believe the conference and the proceedings contribute to our knowledge towards the utilization of bamboo in the eco-friendly and sustainable construction. The editors would like to thank all the participants and authors for their contribution. The guidance and assistance of Taylor & Francis staff, particularly, Mr. Léon Bijnsdorp, in finalizing the proceedings are gratefully acknowledged. Particular appreciation is extended to the Hunan University for hosting the conference, and to the University of Southern California, the Oita University and the International Network for Bamboo and Rattan for co-organizing the Conference. Yan Xiao Cheung Kong Scholar, Director Institute of Modern Bamboo, Timber and Composite Structures (IBTCS) Hunan University, Changsha, China Professor, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA Fumio Inoue Professor, Oita University, Oita, Japan Shyam Paudel Senior Program Officer, Coordinator of Bamboo Housing Program International Network for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China

ix

Modern Bamboo Structures – Xiao et al. (eds) © 2008 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-415-47597-6

Photo of ICBS-2007 participants

xi

Theme papers

Modern Bamboo Structures – Xiao et al. (eds) © 2008 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-415-47597-6

Opening speech B.S. Rong Chinese Academy of Engineering Architectural Design and Research Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

Distinguished Participants, Ladies and Gentlemen: Good morning! It is my pleasure to have been invited to join the opening ceremony by Professor Xiao, chairman of the International Conference on Modern Bamboo Structures. Here, I would like to congratulate the organizers and all the participants for holding this important international conference, which is the first of its kind. Bamboo is available everywhere around the world and is an abundant natural resource. It has been a conventional construction material since ancient times. As the development of modern material science progresses, a large amount of masonry, concrete and steel are used in the building structure, but bamboo and some other non-conventional natural materials still exist and are being used due to their natural characteristics and good mechanical properties. As a matter of fact, some regions in the world continue to use bamboo structures to this day. Therefore, should we transform the conventional structure to modern structure member or system by means of the modern technologies, the bamboo structure will possess a certain position and developmental perspective in the modern building and bridge constructions Chairman of the conference and professor of Hunan University and University of Southern California, Dr. Xiao Yan has done a lot of research work on modern bamboo structures. I congratulate him and his team for having successfully built two bamboo structural bridges. His research achievements have provided beneficial reference for this research area. Taking this opportunity, I would like to share a true story about the utilization of bamboo. In the fifties of the last century, the Architectural Design and Research Institute of Guangdong Province where I work built a five story office building making use of bamboo. The building was initially designed with a brick wall and pre-cast reinforced concrete slabs. However, at the time, our government called for saving steel as much as possible, so we used bamboo bars instead of steel bars in the pre-cast slabs. The bamboo bars were made of so-called moso bamboo strips with simple anti- corrosion treatments. After more than fifty years of usage, all the building slabs are still intact and function well, and I and my colleagues are working there everyday. Of course, it does not mean that these slabs are modern bamboo structures, but it has proved that bamboo can be the replacement of steel and also has a good durability. At this conference, experts and researchers will gather to exchange the research information and discuss on many of technical aspects, such as the composition and characteristics of bamboo, test and analysis of bamboo members and structures, modern bamboo buildings and bridges, industrialization of bamboo products and so on. I believe it would contribute greatly to further research and development of modern bamboo structures. I regret that I have to go to Beijing this afternoon for the annual meeting of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, so I cannot attend the entire conference. However, I look forward to learning more research findings from the proceedings of this conference. Congratulations to the success of the conference in advance! Thank you!

3

Modern Bamboo Structures – Xiao et al. (eds) © 2008 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-415-47597-6

Bamboo: Low cost and energy saving construction materials K. Ghavami Department of Civil Engineering, Pontificia Universidade Catolica, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

ABSTRACT: In order to use bamboo on a large scale as an engineering material, economically feasible, with a possible industrialization, it becomes necessary to study scientifically the plantation, harvesting, curing and treatment processes. After this initial stage, a complete statistical and probabilistic analysis of the physical, mechanical and micro-structural properties of whole bamboo culms of different species should be carried out. Since 1979, the research programs at PUC-Rio, supervised by the author, were mainly concerned with establishing the engineering properties of some of the existing bamboo in Brazil and creating new structural elements using bamboo for civil and rural construction. The present paper has as its main objective to present the physical and mechanical properties of whole bamboo culms in addition to determining the functionally graded composite properties using data processing imagine of the studied bamboo. The bamboo species studied were Dendrocalamus giganteus take from the PUC-Rio and Guadua angustifolia, take from the Botanical Garden of Rio de Janeiro, Guadua tagoara and Guadua angustifolia taken from of Guarulhos in the state of São Paulo and Phyllostachys heterocycla pubescens (Mosó) and Phyllostachys bambusoides (Matake) from the city of Presidente Prudente in the state of São Paulo. A concise report about the structural elements such as bamboo space structure and different structural concrete elements reinforced with bamboo in addition to the several successful constructions built in Rio and Sao Paulo is given.

1

INTRODUCTION

In the era of industrialization the choice of the material has come to be determined mainly by the price and the facility of production or processing. Industrialized materials, such as Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and steel, find application in all sectors and any part of the world to which a road leads. In the last half of the 20th century advanced materials, constituents of synthetic polymers such as Rayon, Nylon, Polyester, Kevlar, new alloy metals and carbon fibers, among others, are being developed and are introduced in places where locally produced materials exist in abundance, especially in developing countries. In developing countries due to the educational system, which is mainly based on programs from industrialized nations, there is still no formal education or research program concerning the traditional and locally available materials and technologies. Lack of reliable technical information about the local materials leads the inhabitants and specialists to use mainly industrialized materials for which the information is freely available (Ghavami, 1995, 1985). The construction industry is one of the most polluting on earth. On the one hand housing is still urgently needed as there are millions, alone in the developing world, without homes cities have grown beyond their limits, have sprawled in all directions, which not only create problems with transport, energy, different wastes and water-supply but as well have invaded eco-systems and valuable green space necessary for agricultural use. Nature has suffered irreparable damage. The consequences become more and more evident: droughts, heat waves, forest fires, polluted air and waters, which together result in human sacrifices. Crops fail; there is a lack of drinking water, lack of water in the reservoirs for energy generation etc. Armed conflicts around the world contribute even more to the human misery. At this point it does not lead anywhere blaming the 5

industrial countries because they cause more pollution in the nature of their activities. Waiting for them to clean up, thinking that they have the means to do so, does not resolve the problems either. Everywhere, actions need to be taken to try to reverse the present state. Rio 92 and Rio+10, Kyoto agreement, Bali conference, had created a forum where the environmental problems were presented and discussed. Various other national and international events disseminated on-going research projects. Now steps need to be taken to implement the results of the research investigations which have been ignored for years for not being agreeable to centralized multinational industries (Ghavami and Rodrigues 2000, Ghavami and Zielinski 1988). The whole construction process has to be revised starting with the location and the choice of materials to the different production processes. The answers are there already but they are followed by only a few. The few research centers make hardly a difference. These topics need to be taken up and supported by governmental agencies, NGOs, private enterprises industries and especially multi-national industries. Non-conventional Materials and Technologies (NOCMAT) and infrastructure need to be part of regular university courses. Before starting to build new houses one should look at the existing already. It has been a trend recently, and this worldwide, to abandon the old city centre and build at the periphery of the city getting further away from the centre and its commercial activities (Swamy, 2000). To overcome the serious housing problem in Brazil and in other developing countries around the world, the author of this paper has been carrying out several successful research program since 1979 using indigenously available local materials such as bamboo, vegetables fibers, soil, quick lime, and cement mortars in the production of new structural elements such as bamboo space structures, corrugated sheets made of cement mortar composites reinforced with sisal, curaua and coconut fibers, soil-fibers composite for load bearing walls and concrete elements reinforced with bamboo beside the study of traditional construction (Ghavami and Hombeck 1981, Ghavami and Culzoni 1987, Ghavami and Villela 2000, Moreira, 1997). The main problem with the ample application of the structural elements developed is still the lack of sufficient information concerning each constituent of the composite and its durability besides sufficient financial support. The focus of this paper is to present a summary of information about the mechanical, physical at meso structure of bamboo and its application as a low cost energy saving material, which is locally available for producing the space structure concrete structural elements reinforced with bamboo. Some successful examples of the application of the results in practice also reported.

2

BAMBOO AS CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL

In South American countries the natives used bamboo intensively before the arrival of the European i...