Module- Diass- -2nd- Quarter PDF

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Summary

Discipline and Ideas in theApplied Social SciencesSUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALSFirst Semester - 2ndQuarterSenior High SchoolWhat I Need to KnowThis module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master thenature of Discipline and Ideas in the Applied Social Sciences. The scope of...

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Senior High School

Discipline and Ideas in the Applied Social Sciences

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS First Semester - 2nd Quarter

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Week

1-2 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master the nature of Discipline and Ideas in the Applied Social Sciences. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using. The module presents the topics on: •

different processes and methods involved in undertaking communication

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appropriate communication media channel(s) to use in different settings and situations

After going through this module, you are expected to: 1. identify the setting in which communicators and journalists are found; 2. describe the different processes and methods involved in undertaking communication; 3. distinguish the appropriate communication media channel(s) to use in different settings and situations;

4. demonstrate communication skills in different settings and situations.

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What I Know Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer in your notebook. 1. Which of the following use communication processes, methods, and tools in accomplishing their desired goal? a. Government b. Private sector

c. Civil Society Organizations d. All of the above.

2. Which of the following uses communication processes, methods, and tools to advocate their cause? a. Government c. Civil Society Organizations b. Private sector d. All of the above. 3. This refers to businesses and industries run by individuals and companies? a. Government c. Civil Society Organizations b. Private sector d. All of the above. 4. Which of the following uses press briefers to inform the public about policies and program that directly affect them? a. Government c. Civil Society Organizations b. Private sector d. All of the above. 5. Which of the following is NOT considered a Civil Society Organization? a. Private institutions c. Professional associations b. Labor unions d. Foundations 6. The most pervasive form of mass media: a. Television c. newspaper b. Social media d. radio 7. Known for its entertainment function but also plays an important role in modern politics a. television c. newspaper b. Social media d. radio 8. Newspapers rely heavily on: a. Feature stories b. Science stories

c. News stories d. Opinion stories

9. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a newsworthy story? a. proximity c. prominence b. Impact d. controversial 10. Which of the following is NOT considered a new media? a. Facebook c. YouTube b. Twitter d. Philippine Daily Inquirer

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What’s In

Learning Task #1: Directions. Attach word/s or phrase/s that describe the clientele and audiences of communication

Clientele and Audiences of Communication

What’s New Learning Task #2 PICTURE ANALYSIS Direction. Study the following announcements by the government institution, private company, and non-government organization respectively. Afterwards, answer the questions that follow. 1. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

Source: https://slh.doh.gov.ph/

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2.

Source: https://www.spot.ph/

3.

Source: https://www.habitat.org.ph/

Question to Ponder. 1. What information are communicated by the following announcements? _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 2. Aside from the given announcements, how do you think can these institutions communicate their messages to their target clients? _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 3. What impact do these communication materials have on you? _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 5

What is It

The Settings, Processes, Methods, and Tools in Communication Settings of Communication ➢ the settings of communication may be defined as the physical surroundings of a communication event which may be made up of the location where the communication occurs, environment conditions, time of the day, or day of the week, as well as proximately of the communicators (Alberts, Nalkayama & Martin 2007). ➢ What is critical regarding the setting is to know the audience and understand what they need to hear and how they need to receive information. Process of Communication ➢ The process of communication accounts for what happens between the source of message and the recipient, the skills employed in giving and receiving information, and conveying our ideas and opinions with those around us. ➢ Two Basics Process involved in terms of the transmission view of communication. ENCODING AND DECODING ➢ ENCODING – the formulation and articulation of messages. DECODING – the reception, perception, and interpretation of these messages. ➢ As advanced by STUART HALL, encoding and decoding presupposes that the decoders (or the audiences/receiver of the messages) actively make sense of the messages based on their individual social context or reality and later a send feedback and collectively change the messages. There are 5 elements in Process of Communications SENDER – the encoder or creator of the messages IDEAS – the subject matter of the communication CHANNEL – means by which the messages is transmitted by the decoder RECEIVER – the decoder/receiver of the messages. FEEDBACK – the process validating that the encoder and the decodes created a same sense of meaning from the messages. Methods of Communication ➢ The methods of communication involve the verbal (sounds, language, and tone of voice) the aural (listening and hearing; non-verbal (facial expression, body language, and posture; the written (letters, memos, journals, emails blogs, and text messages; and the visual (signs, symbols, illustration, and pictures). 5 METHODS EMPLOYED IN COMMUNICATION 1. Intrapersonal – pertaining to self-introspection 2. Interpersonal – referring to either dyadic or group communication 3. Public – addressing a tangled audience in a public forum 4. Mediated – using media and communication technologies 5. Institutional – involving internal or external processes of organization a juridical entity

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Tools in Communication ➢ include all the that we use in both communicating with others and interpreting the information received from others. ➢ They range from language in all its forms, from tone of voice, to performing, re-enacting, television, storytelling, telephone, cellphones, movie, radio, photographs, cartoon, cyberspace, digital and social platforms, and the internet. Government Setting ➢ The government deals with citizens and particularly deliver social and public services that ensure peaceful and orderly living. This government communicates to inform the public about national plans, public services, security situation, opportunities, and to give general direction to people as a nation, in this sense, the government setting draws on a variety of communication methods and tools depending on the subject and intent. ➢ They have highly confidential information and the information that is meant to be accessible to all members of the public. The government relied on mass media to disseminate public information and propaganda. Private Sectors Setting ➢ The private sectors refer to business community, the people who are involved in the delivery of public services that include job creation and employment provision but are not government. Communication for them is largely advertisement, to inform the public individuals, groups, and communication about available goods and services for sale. On the other hand, they need information from the public to understand the demand they have to supply. The private sector engages with the public, they want to remain relevant, profitable, and accepted. Civil Society Setting ➢ This sector of society sees itself as the “third force”. It comes to complement government and business action. It includes various groups of non-government organization, charities, foundation, people’s organization, and other pressure groups that exist to advocate the causes of social justice on behalf of the marginalized sectors, disenfranchised, minorities, and even on behalf of biodiversity. ➢ They do not exist to make profit or to serve as government but they perform a number of functions that belong to the government. In many cases, they also engage in business to raise funds needed to respond to problems affecting the represented sector or issue. Communication in this sense is defined by the mission and actions chosen in civil society. School Setting ➢ Schools are educational and social institutions. Their participation in communication is to deliver educational goods to the public and engage communities in agenda setting regarding educational goals and means. Communication in school setting tends to be very formal and academic. The emergence of new media has transformed communication in schools to include new forms of communities cutting across school to create communities of learners that come together to pursuit of learning beyond physical schools they belong to. There is more exchange of information and documents among students, and traditional group work has become virtual teamwork, where the 7

students learn together and accomplish given task without physical coming together. Community Setting ➢ The community is where all sectors interact: government, business, civil society, and all individual and groups. In general, communication with communities has tended to favor one directional pattern and mass media. ➢ Sectors of a community announce their offering to the wider community, and government agencies would also inform communities in this fashion regarding what they want the community to know. But there is also within community, individual-to-individual, group- togroup, and group to general environment communication. Various tools methods are appropriately drawn to achieve community setting communication goals. Civil Society Organizations (GSO) ➢ refer to a wide array of organizations: community groups, nongovernmental organizations (NGO), labor unions, indigenous groups, charitable institutions, faith-based organizations, professional associations, and foundations which advocate various causes. Just like the government and private sector, GSOs also utilize communication to maintain their visibility and ensure their influence or impact in the area of their advocacy. An example of this in the announcement by the nonprofit NGO World Vision which is known for its education advocacy program which aims to sponsor children so that they are able to finish their schooling. ➢ Given the function of communication in these various settings, it is not therefore surprising that these institutions hire the services of communication professionals and practitioners in the achievement of their respective goals. COMMUNICATION MEDIA CHANNELS Communication that is mediated or transmitted through channels such as television, film, radio, social networking sites, fax, e-mail, cell phone, overnight couriers, messengers, and print is generally referred to as media, a plural form of medium (Alberts, Nakayama, & Martin 2007). The only communication that is not mediated is perhaps face-to-face communication, which takes place among people who understand each other’s language. All other non-face-to-face communications go through channels. Mass Media ➢ All forms of communication that are devoted to transmitting standardized messages to widespread audience are called mass media (Thomson & Heckey 1999). ➢ This includes newspapers, magazines, books, e-books, radio, social networking sites and the Internet, television, and motion picture. B ➢ y and large, much of mass media has become electronic media and covers radio, television, media technology, and web design with streaming audio and video. ➢ Generally, communication involves the giving, receiving or exchanging of information, opinions, or ideas to ensure that the message is completely understood by everybody involved. ➢ It is essentially a two-way process, comprising the elements of the sender, message, channel, receiver, feedback, and context. ➢ Mass media does not consist much of these. It is a one-way system. Yet, the emergence of new media and social media has transformed media to become more of a dialog, mimicking a typical two-way system. ➢ In mass media, the audience is not obliged to pay attention or give feedback. 8

➢ It can be divided into two: print media and broadcast media. Print media as the term suggests is printed and written. ➢ The most popular form of print media is the newspaper. Newspapers are published periodically and carry mainly news stories as well as opinions and advertisements. The staple of newspapers are news stories or stories which are news worthy. ➢ By definition, a story becomes news worthy if it is extraordinary, unfolds close to home i.e. it happens in the community, impactful, involves prominent figures in the society like political leaders and other celebrities, shows conflict like war and involves human condition or when it appeals to emotions. ➢ Meanwhile, broadcast media includes both radio and television which use airwaves to transcend audio and video content. ➢ Radio is the most dominant mass media for the following reasons: it is cost-effective as it can provide you as many information as other media can but at a cheaper cost; it demands low literacy skills as one just needs to listen and does not need to know how to write and read; it is portable as it can be located and lugged anywhere; and it is accessible to the visually-challenged because of its sound medium. ➢ Meanwhile, television comes next to radio in terms of popularity. Its capacity to transmit pictures and sound and to do live is television’s main strength. Television relies heavily on advertising which is considered its lifeblood. It is said to be primarily a medium of entertainment but its vital role on modern politics cannot be undermined. New Media and Social Media ➢ Under new media and social media, communication is not necessarily relational but the issue and interest-based instead. With the help of technology, new media has helped transform the notion of a community based on geography to a community based on interest, from citizens to netizens. ➢ People forge a conversational community driven by the common interest and generally focused on a single issue and are virtually located. Blogging and social networking, the most prominent forms of social media, tend to resemble a typical mass media style in the sense that there is impersonality, no privacy nor the specific recipient of the messages nor the obligation to respond. ➢ Yet, it has the provision for concerned people to respond and sustain a discussion and exchange of views in a two-way style. ➢ This can be done online and in real-time using instant messaging. Unlike a carefully researched response, in this communication, people are more concerned with expressing their opinions and feelings about the issue at hand. ➢ New media and social media have also challenged the profession of communication and ethics of communication. It is not regulated by members of the profession but by the discourse of participants. ➢ There is more self-censorship than professional and public censorship since participants can choose to go by any name, may portray a self-image, and they may choose to remain anonymous. ➢ New media and social media have also redefined participatory democracy with new political implications. ➢ Open debates and consensus on issues are increasingly sought and achieved through new media and social media. ➢ The term “new media” covers a set of applied communication technologies that continue to evolve. It is also defined as interactive forms of communication that use the internet. Including podcasts, blogs, social networks, text messaging, wikis, virtual worlds, and all computer-aided communication formats that are available online. ➢ Meanwhile, social media is a subset of the new media that has dominated the mass media landscape in recent years. Social networking sites, content communities like YouTube, virtual games and social worlds, and technologies such as blogs, email, instant messaging, music-sharing and crowd-sourcing all fall under social media. ➢ Media professionals and practitioners are well versed with the usage of these communication media since they use them as tools in their functions in the various 9

communication settings. Telecommunication ➢ Telecommunication refers to the transmission of information by electromagnetic means. Large volumes of information in the form of words, sounds, or images, over long distances, are transmitted in the form of electromagnetic signals, by telegraph, telephone, radio, or television. ➢ The term covers a vast range of information transmitting technologies including mobile phones, landlines, VoIP, and broadcast networks (Telecommunication 2015; Techopedia.com 2016). ➢ The data is transmitted in the form of electrical signals, modulated into analog or digital signals for transmitting the information. Analog modulations used in radio broadcasting are amplitude modulation and digital modulation. ➢ Telecommunications and broadcasting are administered worldwide by the United Nations specialized agency for information and communication technologies (ICT). This agency allocates global radio spectrum and satellite orbits, develop the technical standards that ensure networks and technologies seamlessly interconnect, and strives to improve access to ICTs to underserved communities worldwide. ➢ The organization is based on a public-private partnership since its inception. At present, The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has a membership of 193 countries and almost 800 private-sector entities and academic institutions. Its headquarter is in Geneva, Switzerland, and has twelve regional and area offices around the world. ➢ The membership represents a cross-section of the global ICT sector, from the world’s largest manufacturers and telecoms carriers to small, innovative players working with new and emerging technologies, along with leading R&D institutions and academia. ITU was founded on the principle of international cooperation between governments (Member States) and the private sector (Sector Members, Associates, and Academia). It now serves as the premier global forum through which parties work toward consensus on a wide range of issues affecting the future direction of the ICT industry. ➢ Each country has its own agency for enforcing telecommunications regulations. ➢ In the Philippines, the National Telecommunications Commission (NTC) is

the nation’s regulatory agency respon...