Q2 Diass week 2 module 2( Discipline of Communication) PDF

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LYCEUM OF THE EAST-AURORA Brgy.THE Florida, Maria Aurora, Aurora LYCEUM OF EAST -AUR

DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCE

Discipline a QUARTER 2 - MODULE 2

THE DISCIPLINE OF COMMUNICATION

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LYCEUM OF THE EAST-AURORA 3202 BRGY. FLORIDA, MARIA AURORA, AURORA S.Y. 2020-2021

QUARTER 2 MODULE 2 THE DISCIPLINE OF COMMUNICATION At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to : 1. Define communication 2. describe the context and the basic concepts of communication 3. Explain the goals of communication; 4. describe the basic elements of the communication process; and 5. discuss the levels of communication from intrapersonal to mass communication

ELICIT How would you describe the Discipline of Communication? In the space provided below, write what you know so far about it.

ENGAGE Using the mind map below, list all your ideas related to communication.

Communication

EXPLORE The Discipline of Communication deals with how humans use verbal and non-verbal messages to create meaning in various contexts. This can be from one person to another, from person to groups, in government setting, private sectors setting, civil society setting, school setting, community setting to mass audiences across cultures using a variety of channels and media. This discipline is also interested in the impact that communication has on human behavior. There is no way to enable others to know what is going on in our minds –our need to reach out and to be reached out to-unless communication occurs between them and us. The discipline of communication is very broad. It can include: the study of communication in interpersonal relationships, groups, organizations, and across cultures; rhetorical theory and criticism; performance studies; argumentation and persuasion; technologically mediated communication; and popular culture. Essentially, this discipline provides us with understanding of how we construct the world of meanings and be able to both send and receive the same. The dynamic process of sending and receiving information or messages, and the meanings that they contain needs to be understood. In this way, we can further appreciate the process, the content, and the effects of communication in all its various forms. Definition of Communication The processes that bond humans together are founded on communication. It is by communication that one opens up to another and receives confirmation of some kind. Communication in this sense is essentially transactional, giving and receiving content, which may take a wide variety of forms. What we communicate is meaning but communication simultaneously involves construction of meaning. It constitutes both the construction of meaning and the exchange of meaning. Unlike other forms of exchange, communication accounts for so many other elements, which make the study of communication a fascinating task. The context, the culture, the relationship, the society, the message, and the medium- all form part of the communication process. Communication involves acting on information, responding to stimulus, a creative act, making sense of the world, assigning meaning to experience and feelings, and can also be intentional as well as unintentional. Alberts, Nakayama, and Martin (2007) defines communication as a "transactional process in which people generate meaning through the exchange of verbal messages in specific contexts, influenced by individual and societal forces and embedded in culture." Culture here is considered as the provider of patterns of perceptions, values, and behavior that the group transmits and makes a shared heritage. Context tends to be culturally defined so much that the individual is made to discern from the given options available to society; hence culture provides the strongest fabric to societal forces. Therefore, the role of culture cannot be underestimated, "culture affects all or almost all communication interaction" (Alberts, Nakayama, & Martin 2007). The human communication factors include the important role of individual and societal forces, contexts, and culture that shape and give coherence to the communication process. It is possible and very common to analyze the communication process on the technical level, the semantic level, and the pragmatic level. On the technical level, we can understand the message by ascertaining the extent to which information or message is clearly or not clearly transmitted. On the semantic level, we can understand the unity of communication by clarifying the extent to which the intended meaning of the information or message being transmitted is understood or misunderstood by the receiver due to all forms of noise. On the pragmatic level, we can understand a unit of communication by gauging the kind and extent of the actual impact, effect, or outcome or result of the communication process including the relationship field of experience and the sender-receiver dynamics. Communication as a transaction, going by the above definition, requires a more comprehensive consideration for the specific context, the individual and society forces, and the culture itself as a semantic unit. Simply put, when two or more persons interact, communication structure is created and a system of relationships is formed within a cultural context. That is what communication is and does.

Communication is a manner of passing information between people or group for common understanding and confidence. It includes the move of information from the sender to the receiver. The receiver must understand the meaning and message of information. It can also be taken as the way of sharing ideas, thoughts, opinions and views from one person to another person. Example: A manager should relay information clearly to his subordinates to implement plans and policies. Hence, communication is one of the important jobs of management.

Photo credit: https://unsplash.com/s/photos/communication Communication includes the process of sending verbal and non-verbal messages. With the help of a sender, a receiver, and channel of communication, it transfers complicated, delicate and argumentative information. Communication needs the full understanding of behaviors associated with the sender and receiver. It is the exchange of facts, opinion, idea or emotion between two or more than two persons of common interest.

Goals of Communication “The goal of communication is to send information—and the understanding of that information—from one person or group to another person or group. This communication process is divided into several basic parts: A sender pass a message through a channel to the receiver.” “Primary Goal of communication Communication is a complicated process that involves a sender and a receiver. The purpose of communication is to send messages to inform, direct or educate. Effective communication produces desired businesses, productive relationships and satisfaction between people.” https://www.google.com/search BERLO’S SMCR COMMUNICATION MODEL (1960)

Photo Credit: http://communicationtheory.org/berlos-smcr-model-of-communication

Context and the Basic Concepts of Communication Context is among the most essential aspects in human communication, and by and large, listeners base their interpretation of expressions of language and actions on their prior knowledge and wide range of contextual information. It is the context that gives meaning to the communication process. Even if we understand words in a language, it is difficult to fully appreciate meaning unless it is contextualized. The context can be email, television, with a friend, with family, a political campaign or a protest rally, a celebration, or a religious or social event. Many communication scholars and experts affirm that it is the context of what is done or said that determines how that message is interpreted. Actions and words in themselves mean less outside of context. Joking with a friend is considered normal but joking with a grieving person may be considered being insensitive. Many conflicts, particularly in intercultural communication, tend to be associated with context. Hence, intercultural communication researchers, using the concept of context to understand people, have identified several "frames of reference" within which people construct and interpret "reality and communicate or interact with others. A frame of reference is a lens through which reality is perceived and filtered to create meaning or a standpoint formed through a complex set of criteria or assumed values against which measurements, understanding, or judgments are made. The six commonly identified frames of reference are psychological frame of reference, cultural frame of reference, social frame of reference, spatial frame of reference, temporal frame of reference, and historical frame of reference. 1. Psychological frame of reference may refer to a set of parameters that define one's mental schema. 2. Cultural frame of reference may refer to a set of parameters that define one's cultural bias. 3. Social frame of reference may refer to a set of parameters that define one's social bias

4. Spatial frame of reference may refer to d set of egocentric experience, environmental, and geographical parameters that define one's interpretation of reality. 5.Temporal frame of reference may refer to a set of transient parameters, such as space and a range of experience types that underlie immediate representations, which define one's interpretation of reality. 6. Historical frame of reference may refer to a set of parameters that define one's historical bias. Simply put, we make meaning of facts by placing them in some context, a frame of reference. Therefore, the meanings we make of facts are determined more by our frame of reference than by the facts themselves. Along this line of reasoning, all meanings are generated and constrained by the frames of reference. These frames of reference shape the communicators' actions and words.

Goals of Communication Every day, we communicate with a variety of people, for a variety of reasons, in a variety of ways. We have defined communication as a meaning-making system that follows the goal of conveying the intended message from the sender to the receiver as accurately as possible. Communication conveys messages to parties involved through the different mediums such as through speech, email, letters, and so on. In this way, people who believe in a common cause can be linked together with a view to strengthen their relationship. Communication also allows people with opposing views to communicate with one another in order to better understand each other and connect. It also provides opportunity for communicators to disseminate information, to transduce emotions and/or thoughts from one to another. This, however, has the potential to either create harmony or result to dissonance between the sender and receiver. Ultimately, the goal of all communication is to change behavior and that is why people read new books or seek help to understand things or reality. The aim is to create social and political change, say, by exposing the absurdities and injustices of the courts, schools, prisons, and workhouses of the context. Communication can be deeply political in intent or shaped by a social and political agenda: the desire to normalize certain kinds of human behavior (and incidentally to demonize others), see the world in new ways, and act in new ways as a consequence. Communication shapes the receiver's behavior in a way that is compatible both with their own goals and the goals of the communicator by helping people reach their behavioral goals, a communicator wins their consent to behave in ways that favor his/her message too. Communication is essential for everyday life. The goal is to make group life possible through socialization, enculturation, intergenerational solidarity, nation building, and social change. In more specific terms, the goals of communication are: expressing one's needs and wants; transferring or conveying information: establishing social closeness or sustaining relationships with others; and facilitating social etiquette, that is, to conform to the social conventions of politeness. Ultimately, when two or more persons interact, the communication structure is erected upon which a system of relationships is formed.

Basic Elements of the Communication Process Communication, as a process where people share information, feelings, and ideas, consists of four basic elements: the message, the medium, the sender, and the reliever. Basically, communication happens when a message is conveyed. In the process, there is the means by which such message is conveyed, the generator and communicator of the message, and the recipient to whom that message is intended. However, due to the complexity of the communication process, these elements may be modified and detailed in several ways. Alberts et al. (2007) present six basic elements of communication: the setting, participants, message creation, channels, noise, and feedback to explain how communication interaction unfolds. Other writers put it as follows: sender-receiver, message, channel, noise, feedback, and setting (Bovee & Thill 1992 & 1998; Burnett & Dollar 1989; Gibson & Hodgetts 1990).

Sender-Receiver Communication means that the sender and the receiver get involved in communication because they have ideas and feelings to share. This sharing, however, is not one-way or turn-taking process. In most communication situations, people are senders and receivers at the same time. They are the participants in a communication. Message The message is made up of the ideas and feelings that the senders/ receivers want to share. Moreover, ideas and feelings can only be shared if they are represented by symbols. Symbols are things that stand for something else. All communication messages are made up of two symbols: verbal and non-verbal. The verbal symbols are all the words in a language, which stand for a particular thing or idea. A word is used to generally mean one thing. Verbal symbols can be even more complicated when they are abstract than concrete. Abstract symbols stand for ideas rather than objects. When two people use abstraction (e.g., love, beauty, justice), they may have different meanings because they had different experiences with the concept. The non-verbal symbols are anything we communicate without using words such as facial expressions, gestures, posture, colors, vocal tones, appearance, etc. They have certain meanings attached to them, which are culturally or even personally encoded and decoded. Channels The channels are routes traveled by a message as it goes between the senders/receivers. Sound and sight are primary channels in face-to-face communication. and even in not face-to-face. At present, it is increasingly common to use social networking sites for communication where we see and hear the person we are communicating with in a manner similar to face-to-face. In mass media, the channels may be radio, records, television, newspapers, magazines, etc. Feedback A feedback is a response of the receiver to the sender and vice versa. This is very important in communication since it tells how ideas and feelings have been shared in the way they are intended to. Noise Noise keeps a message from being understood or accurately interpreted. It occurs between senders and receivers. Noise may be an external or internal interference in transmitting and receiving the message . External noise is any noise that comes from the environment that keeps the message from being heard or understood. Internal noise occurs in the minds of the senders and receivers such as prior experience, absent-mindedness, feeling or thinking of something other than the communication taking place. Semantic noise is also a form of internal noise caused by people's emotional reactions to words such as reactions to ethnic or sexist remarks . Setting The setting is essentially the context where communication occurs. It may be a venue, formal or informal seating arrangements, attire, use of sound system etc. In this communication process, the six elements can be summed up as: Who, the source (sender); What, the message; How, the medium; To Whom, the recipient (receiver); Why, the influence, impact, world view; and Where, the context.

Basic Elements of Communication Process

1. Source The source is the person or thing (living or non-living thing) making serious attempt to share information. It is the origin of information (in Information Theory, the source produce data that one would like to communicate) and an ability to pass this information, through a channel, to a receiver.

2. Message Communication theorists look closely to messages as the study of signs and symbols, and how meaning is created through them; note: it is not the study of meaning, just how meaning is created). For example, a commencement speaker produces meaning through several reason for judgement. First, there is the object (maybe through being a local celebrity or was a famous student of particular school). The second criterion would be his or her image, acting as a symbol or representation of the meaning of the object (a well-dressed, professional and successful person). The third criterion is interpretation or marked meaning. If the object and image (and, in this case, speech) are successful, then the audience will leave with an understanding of how to proceed toward a life of personal achievement.

3. Encoding Encoding is the process of collecting the message (information, ideas and thoughts) into a chosen design with the objective of making sure that the receiver can understand it. Communication only begin when it results in both the source and the receiver understanding the same information. People who are great communicators are great encoder; they know how to present their message in a way that their audience (receivers) can easily understand. They are also able to identify information that is beyond what is needed, not important or even accidentally causing someone to feel hurt, and eliminate it in advance through an act of preparing something.

4. Channel An encoded message is delivered by the source through a channel. There are numerous channel in similar ways: verbal, non-verbal, personal, non-personal, etc. A channel could be the paper on which words are written, or the Internet acting in the client-server model that is allowing you to read these words right now. A good communicator is one who understands which means of communication to use under different situations. Unfortunately, there is no perfect channel. All channels or means of communication have strengths and weaknesses (for example, smartphones are great tool for communication, but a marriage proposal is best done in person).

5. Decoding This is where listening, and reading directions carefully, makes its claim to be recognized—decode with care, my friends. As we discussed in encoding, communication is only successful when it results in both the source and the receiver understands the same information. For this to happen, there can be no errors in processing. For example, a first-grader sitting in on a lecture on different equations, i.e. decoding is impossible if the decoder cannot even understand the message.

6. Receiver At the end, the message is delivered to the receiver. A good communicator takes the receiver and to be around the edge of reference into consideration; how they will received and reacts based on common ground is shared, its their sense of humor, and moral conduct, etc. All of these things will affect how the receiver understand the messages.

7. Feedback A better word will be “reaction” or “responses.” The source judges its success based on the feedback it receives, so pay close attention. If Google’s servers hit something hard tomorrow, there would be a lot of unable to understand

sources. The same would be true if you have delivered a perfect marriage proposal, only to receive a look of confusion and horror. And then there are famous marketing bad experience, ...