Notes Chap 22 23 PDF

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Notes on Chapter 22...

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1. the ____ is the fluid component of the lymphatic system. lymph 2. lymphatic capillaries merge to form ____. lymphatic vessels 3. three functions of the lymphatic system: homeostasis immune response transportation 4. lymphatic capillaries have large ____. pores 5. the lymphatic system maintains homeostasis by: draining excess interstitial fluid 6. the large pores on lymphatic capillaries allow: lymph to enter, but not to exit 7. the lymphatic system has a role in ____ immunity and especially ____ immunity. innate, adaptive 8. ____ attach the lymph capillary to the surrounding tissues. anchoring filaments 9. the lymphatic system transports ____ and ____. dietary lipids, lipid-soluble vitamins 10. lymphatic vessels are similar to ____. veins` 11. lymphatic tissue is what type of tissue?

connective 12. lymphatic vessels merge into 5 ____. lymph trunks 13. some components of ____ leave the capillaries of the circulatory system to become interstitial fluid in the body tissues. excess interstitial fluid enters lymphatic capillaries to become ____. blood plasma, lymph 14. the 5 lymph trunks merge into the 2 ____. lymph ducts 15. the movement of fluid: blood capillaries -> interstitial fluid -> lymphatic capillaries -> lymphatic vessels -> lymph trunks -> lymph ducts -> veins 16. lymph ducts return lymph to the blood at the ____. vena cava 17. lymphatic capillaries are associated with: the capillary beds of the circulatory system 18. the specialized lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine are called ____. lacteals 19. lacteals are specialized lymphatic capillaries located where? the small intestine 20. lymphatic capillaries are closed:

at one end 21. pressure for the movement of lymph is generated by the: skeletal muscle and respiratory pump 22. ____ absorb lipid molecules from the diet that are too large to enter the blood capillaries. lacteals 23. lacteals absorb ____ from the diet that are too large to enter the blood capillaries. lipid molecules 24. ____ travel through the lymphatic system before entering the blood. lipids 25. ____ are the sites where stem cells give rise to mature immunocompetent cells. primary lymphatic organs 26. primary lymphatic organs are the sites where stem cells give rise to mature ____ cells. immunocompetent 27. red bone marrow and the thymus are ____. primary lymphatic organs 28. ____ are sites where immune responses occur. secondary lymphatic organs and tissues 29. lymph nodes, the spleen, and lymphatic modules are ____. secondary lymphatic organs and tissues

30. ____ in red bone marrow give rise to immunocompetent B cells and pre-T cells. pluripotent stem cells 31. pluripotent stem cells in ____ give rise to immunocompetent B cells and pre-T cells. red bone marrow 32. pluripotent stem cells in red bone marrow give rise to ____. immunocompetent B cells and pre-T cells. 33. B cells migrate directly to: the blood or lymph nodes 34. pre-T cells migrate to the ____ to finish maturation. thymus 35. B cells and T cells are types of ____. lymphocytes 36. the thymus is located between the ____ and ____. sternum, aorta 37. the thymus has left and right lobes divided into ____. lobules 38. pre-T cells begin the maturation process in the: cortex of the thymus 39.

most pre-T cells die via ____. apoptosis 40. T cells complete their maturation in the: medulla of the thymus 41. mature T cells migrate to the: blood, lymph nodes, spleen, and other lymphatic tissues 42. the lymph nodes ____ lymph. filter 43. lymph nodes have: an outer cortex, an inner cortex, and a medulla 44. the outer cortex of lymph nodes includes masses of ____. B cells 45. the masses of B cells on lymph nodes are called ____. lymphatic nodules 46. B cells can proliferate and become: antibody-producing plasma cells or memory B cells 47. the inner cortex of lymph nodes includes masses of ____. T cells 48. the medulla of lymph nodes includes masses of ____ or mature B cells that have migrated from the outer cortex.

plasma cells 49. plasma cells are mature ____. B cells 50. plasma cells (mature B cells) in the medulla of lymph nodes can produce and release ____. antibodies 51. the spleen is located between the ____ and ____. stomach, diaphragm 52. the ____ filters blood. spleen 53. ____ and ____ destroy pathogens. lymphocytes , macrophages 54. ____ destroy damaged blood cells. macrophages 55. some lymphatic nodules are found within the lymph nodes, but others are found in the ____ of various organ systems. mucous membranes 56. MALT = ____. mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue 57. mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) is located in the: gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, reproductive tract, respiratory tract

58. the ability of the body to ward off disease and damage is called ____. immunity 59. the opposite of immunity is ____ susceptibility 60. two types of immunity: innate immunity adaptive immunity 61. ____ immunity is non-specific and present at birth. innate 62. ____ immunity is specific and develops after exposure to a particular pathogen. adaptive 63. ____ immunity is immediate and has external and internal defenses. innate 64. the external defenses of innate immunity: the physical and chemical barriers of the skin and mucous membranes 65. internal defenses of innate immunity: antimicrobial proteins natural killer cells phagocytes inflammation

fever 66. antimicrobial proteins are found in ____ and ____. blood plasma, interstitial fluid 67. antimicrobial proteins include: interferons transferrins the compliment system 68. interferons are produced by a cell that has been: infected by a virus 69. ____ migrate to neighboring, uninfected cells and induce the synthesis of antiviral proteins in the uninfected cells. interferons 70. ____ inhibit some microbes by limiting the availability of iron. transferrins 71. the ____ assists in the processes of inflammation and immune response. compliment system 72. natural killer cells are a type of ____. lymphocyte 73. natural killer cells are found in: blood, the spleen, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow 74.

____ bind to microbes and release granules that contain various toxins to kill the microbe. natural killer cells 75. macrophages are mature ____. monocytes 76. inflammation symptoms are: redness, pain, heat, swelling, loss of function 77. inflammation functions are: to kill microbes, prevent the spreading of microbes, preparing the site for tissue repair 78. know the stages of inflammation: pic on iPad 79. functions of fever: increases reaction rates of interferons and tissue repair mechanisms, inhibits the growth of microbes 80. ____ is a response to a specific type of antigen. adaptive immunity 81. foreign substances that provoke an immune response are called ____. antigens 82. typically, an antigen is a ____ on the surface of the pathogen or parasite. protein molecule 83. targeting particular antigens and distinguishing self from non-self is called ____.

specificity 84. the two types of immune responses are: cell mediated and antibody mediated immune responses 85. cell-mediated immune response involves ____. T cells 86. antibody mediated immune response involves ____. B cells 87. in ____ immune response, T cells leave lymphatic tissue to destroy pathogens directly. cell-mediated 88. in cell-mediated immune response, T cells mature into ____ and ____. helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells. 89. targets of cell-mediated immune response include: intracellular pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi), cancer cells, foreign tissue 90. in antibody mediated immune response, B cells remain in lymphatic tissue and mature into ____. plasma cells 91. plasma cells release ____ that leave lymphatic tissues and destroy pathogens. antibodies 92. targets of antibody mediated immune response: antigens in body fluids and extracellular pathogens

93. effector cells: active helper T cells active cytotoxic T cells plasma cells 94. memory cells: memory helper T cells memory cytotoxic T cells memory B cells 95. ____ is the ability to provoke an immune response. immunogenecity 96. an antigens ____ is the ability to react with antibodies or cells that it provokes. reactivity 97. antigens are typically large molecules most often ____. proteins 98. antigens are often found: on the surface of cells (in the plasma membrane) 99. a small region called the ____ of a molecule triggers the immune response. epitope 100. molecules in the plasma membranes of T cells and B cells that recognize specific antigens are called ____. antigen receptors

101. the problem with antigen receptors is that: there are too many antigens in the environment 102. each antigen receptor recognizes a specific ____. epitope 103. antigen receptors are coded for by: specific gene segments 104. ____ shuffles gene segments to create a huge number of unique combinations of gene segments. genetic recombination 105. ____ antigens allow the body to recognize its own cells. major histocompatibility complex (MHC) 106. major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens occur in the plasma membranes of ____ cells (except RBC's) somatic 107. ____ and ____ ignore self MHC antigens. B cells, T cells 108. B cells recognize (bind to) antigens directly because they mainly target ____ pathogens. extracellular 109. ____ only recognize fragments of pathogens that have been processed and presented. T cells 110.

T cells mainly recognize ____ pathogens. intracellular 111. extracellular pathogens are only recognized when they are processed and presented by ____. antigen processing cells (APC's) 112. dendritic cells, macrophages, and b cells are ____. antigen processing cells (APC's) 113. study the processing and presenting of exogenous and endogenous antigens. iPad pic 114. both T cells and B cells are ____ when presented with an antigen. activated 115. activated T cells and B cells proliferate and differentiate to produce many ____. effector cells (clones) 116. effector cells of T cells include: helper T cells cytotoxic T cells 117. effector cells of B cells are called ____. plasma cells 118. ____ release enzymes that cause apoptosis of the infected cell. cytotoxic T cells 119.

____ release enzymes that degrade the plasma membranes of the infected cells and pathogens causing them to rupture (cytolysis) cytotoxic T cells 120. antibodies and immunoglobin proteins are mostly composed of: four polypeptide chains 121. antibodies have two types of regions: constant region variable region 122. the antigen-bonding sites of antibodies are the ____ variable regions 123. antibodies recognize and bind tot he ____ of an antigen. epitope 124. antibodies disable antigens via 5 mechanisms: neutralizing antigens immobilizing bacteria agglutinating and precipitating pathogens enhancing phagocytosis activating the compliment system 125. antibodies immobilize bacteria by: deactivating their cilia or flagella 126. the ____ is a system of more than 30 proteins found in blood plasma and interstitial fluid. compliment system

127. when the immune system "remembers" specific antigens that have triggered an immune response in the past, this is called ____. immunological memory...