OTHY102 W1 L2 - Terminology, Osteology, Athrology - Summary PDF

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Summary

Bones (Shapes, markings, features), Joints, Ligaments and Articular Discs...

Description

Week 1 Lecture 1 Terminology and Introductory Osteology ——— Functions of Human Skeleton: 1. Support 2. Movement 3. Protection 4. Production of Blood Cells (In the Bone Marrow) 5. Storage of minerals ——— Bone Tissue External: - Compact Bone

Internal: - Spongy Bone - Medullary Cavity!

Classifying Bones by Shape Short Bone: - Square/cuboidal like - Short Shaft Long Bone: - Long shaft (Diaphysis) - Two rounded ends (Epiphysis) - Don’t have to be big Flat Bone: - E.g. Scapulla - Produce blood - May be thin and brittle - Larger surface area - Lots of muscles/tendons attach to flat bones! Irregular Bone: - Stranger shape - Things sticking out of it/holes in it Sesamoid Bone: - Indirectly part of skeletal system (not directly connected to other bones) - Function = increase efficiency of muscle - No articulation to other bones - Found within Tendons - E.g. Patella

Basic bony Features of Long Bones

——— Bone Markings - Classified as features of bone Functions include: - Strengthen Bone - Provide passages through the bone (e.g. holes where nerves or arteries pass through) - Promote bone to bone articulation (e.g. socket in hip + rounded hip joint = maximal use) - Provide attachment sites for muscles - Provide landmarks — to help find other locations to find other bones)

Classification of Bony Features

- Projections - Depressions

——— ——— ATHROLOGY Joint - A union between two or more parts of the skeleton - AKA Articulations How to Classify a joint

- Range of Movement (ROM" - Immovable" - Slightly Moveable" - Freely Moveable

- Structure (Histological)" - Fibrous" - Cartilaginous" - Synovial Fibrous Joints: - Joins bone ends together - Movement depends of length of fibres - E.g. Sutures (immovable) — between bones of skull >>> - E.g. Syndesmosis (slightly moveable) — between radius and ulna

Cartilaginous Joints a: - Joins bone ends together - Movement depends on type of cartilage - E.g. Primary Cartilaginous (immovable) — Costochondral joint aka RIBS - E.g. Secondary Cartilaginous (slightly moveable) — Intervertebral joints Synovial Joints (freely moveable) a: - Bone ends are shaped to fit one aother - Covered with Articualr Cartilage, allows bones to slide on one another - Wrapped in sleeve of fibrous joint capsule unites bones & maintains joint cavity

- Synovial membrane — lines fibrous capsule, produces synovial fluid (lubricant) - Joint cavity contains Synovial fluid which assists in frictionless movement of bones

——— Classification of Synovial Joints a: By degrees of Freedom: i.e. according to the no. of axes about which movement occurs - Uniaxial — one pair of movements - Biaxial — two pairs of movements - Multiaxial — three pairs of movements * movements such as abduct/adduct, circumduction, flex/extend

By Structure: - Hinge - Pivot - Condyloid - Saddle - Ball & Socket - Plane

Synovial Joints (Types of movement) a: Active Movement = Produced by active muscle contraction Angular Movements: - Flexion & Extension (fetal position = flexed) - Abduction & Adduction moving limbs away/toward body (ABDUCTion = take away from body // ADDion - add to body) Rotational Movements: - Medial (internal) & Lateral (external) rotation - Pronation & Supination e.g. twisting wrist around

Passive Movement = Movement produced by external force

- When a doctor moves your leg - Gravity, when sitting going against gravity

——— Accessory Structions: - Ligaments - Articular Discs (Cartilages) - Bursae Ligaments: Band of fibrous tissue that occur at all types of joints! Functions: - Mechanical Function — Act as mechanical constraints " - Prevent unwanted movement" - Limited allowed movement

- As Sensory Organs" - Proprioception (you are able to sense what position your joints are in without looking)

- Support Synovial Joints:" - Capsular: Reinforce the Capsule" - Extracapsular: Lie outside the capsule" - Intracapsular: Lie inside Articular Discs: - Pads of Fibrocartilage, situation between articular surfaces of some synovial joints Functions: - Act as shock absorbers (e.g. in jaw, helps to avoid joint damage due to high force) - Aid mechanical fit between articular surfaces - Restrain movement - Assist lubrication - Permit different movements to occur simultaneously in the one joint Bursa: - Fluid-filled sacs around many synovial joints - Protective structure like airbag in car - Potential space rather than actual spaces - Function to reduce friction as structures slide on one another

- Therefore located between layers of muscles where muscles and tendons overlie bony prominences —Factors that Stabilise jointsL - Joints cannot be highly mobile and very strong — Greater the ROM, weaker the joint...