Patricia- Benner Theory PDF

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Its the theory of patricia benner of nursing care and it help the nirsing student to there works as a nurse...

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PATRICIA BENNER “ THE Primary of Caring Model”  From novice to expert Nursing Model”  Caring is central to human expertise, to curing and to healing.  Caring is primary for the following reason; a. what matters to people set up not only what counts as stressful but also what options are available for coping. b. it enables a person to notice salient aspects of a particular situation, to discern problems, and to recognize potential solutions. c. it sets up possibilities for giving and receiving help. History:  Patricia Benner is a professor in the department of physiological nursing in the school of nursing at the University of California.  Dr Benner is the author of nine books including from novice to expert named an American journal of Nursing Book of the year for nursing education.  Dr Benner is an internationally noted researcher and lecturer on health, stress and coping, skill acquisition and ethics. Her work has influence beyond nursing in the areas of clinical practice and clinical ethics.  She has been a staff nurse in the areas of medical- surgical, emergency room, coronary care, intensive care units and home care.  Benner proposed seven domains of nursing practice which follows; 1. the helping role

2. the teaching-coaching function 3. the diagnostic and patient-monitoring function. 4. effective management of rapidly changing situations. 5. administering and monitoring therapeutic interventions and regimens. 6. monitoring and ensuring the quality of health care practices. 7. organizational and work-role competencies. Benner’s domain of Nursing Practice. 1. The Helping role domain This includes competencies related to establishing a healing relationship, providing comfort measures, and inviting active patient participation and control in care. 2. The Teaching-Coaching function domain This includes timing, readying patients for learning. motivating change, assisting with lifestyle alterations and negotiating agreement on goals. 3. The Diagnostic and Patient –Monitoring function domain This refers to competencies in ongoing assessment and anticipation of outcomes. 4. The effective management of rapidly changing situation domain This includes the ability to contingently match demands with resources and to assess and manage care during crisis situations. 5. The administering and monitoring therapeutic interventions and regimens domain.

This includes competencies related to preventing complications during drug therapy, wound management and hospitalization. 6. the monitoring and ensuring the quality of health care practices domain. This includes competencies with regard in maintenance of safety, continuous quality improvement, collaborative and consultation with physicians, self-evaluation, and management of technology. 7. the organizational and work-role competencies domain. This includes competencies in priority setting, team building, coordination and providing for community.  According to Benner, clinical nursing requires theoretical knowledge and practical knowledge. Theoretical knowledge can be acquired in an abstract fashion through reading, observing or discussing. On the other hand, the development of practical knowledge requires actual experience in a situation because it is contextual and transactional. Dr Benner’s stages of Clinical Competence = Dr Benner found similar parallels in Nursing, where imporved practice depended on experience and science, and developing those skills was a long progressive process. = she found when nurses engaged in various situations, and learned from them, they developed “skills of involvement” with patients and family.

= Patricia Benner developed a concept known as “From Novice to Expert” . this concept explains that nurses develop skills and an understanding of patient care over time from a combination of a strong educational foundation and personal experiences. The theory identifies levels of nursing experience: 1. a novice ---- is a beginner with no experience. They are taught general rules to help perform tasks, and their rule-governed behavior is limited and inflexible. In other words, they are told what to do and simply follow instruction. 2. the advanced beginner ---- shows acceptable performance, and has gained peior experience in actual nursing situations. This helps the nurse recognize recurring meaningful components so that principles, based on those experiences, begin on those experiences, begin to formulate in order to guide actions. 3. a competent nurse ---- generally has two or three years experience on the job in the same field…. For example; two or three years in intensive care. The experience may also be similar day-to day situations. These nurses are more aware of long-term goals and they gain perspective from planning their own actions, which helps them achieve greater efficiency and organizations. 4. a proficient nurse perceives and nderstands situations as whole parts. he or she has a more holistic understanding of nursing, which improves decision-making.. these nurses learn from experiences what to expect in certain situations, as well as how to modify plans as needed.

5. Expert --- nurses are no longer rely on principles, rules or guidelines to connect situations and determine actions. They have deeper background of experience and intuitive grasp of clinical situations. Their performances are fluid, flexible, and highly proficient. Benners writings explain that nursing skills through experience are a prerequisite for becoming an expert nurse.

JEAN WATSON “Theory of Transpersonal Nursing” “Theory of Human Caring and Nursing”. What is Watson’s theory? According to Watson (1997), the core of the theory of Caring is that “humans cannot be treated as objects and that humans cannot be separated from self, other, nature and the larger workforce. Her theory encompasses the whole world of nursing with the emphasis placed on the interpersonal process between the care…..  Caring can be effectively demonstrated and practiced only interpersonally.

 Caring consists of carative factors that result in the satisfaction of certain human needs.  Effective caring promotes health and individual or family growth.  Caring responses accept person not what he/she is now but as what he/she may become.  A caring environment is one that offers the development of potential while allowing the person to choose the best action for himself or herself at a given point in time.  Caring is more “healthogenic” than is curing. A science of caring is complimentary to the science of curing.  The practice of caring is central to nursing. According to Watson,e the major elements of her theory are; a. the carative factors b. the transpersonal caring relationship c. the caring occasion/caring moment The term carative ---- means caring with love. It originated from the term “caritas” which means to cherish, appreciate, and give special attention. The following are Watsons Ten Carative Factors: 1. the formation of a humanistic-altruistic system of values.  Embrace: altruistic values and practice loving kindness woth self and others. 2. the instillation of faith-hope Inspire: --- faith and hope and honor others.

3. the cultivation of sensitivity to one’s self and to others. Trust: ---- self and others by nurturing individual beliefs, personal growth and practices. 4. the development of a helping trust relationship. Nurture” helping, trusting, caring relationship. 5. the promotion and acceptance of the expression of positive and negative feelings. Forgive: and accept positive and negative feelings authentically --Listen to another’s story. 6. the systematic use of the scientific problem-solving method for decision making. Deepen---- scientific problem solving methods for caring decision making. 7. the promotion of interpersonal teaching- learning. Balance --- teaching and learning to address the individual needs, readiness and learning styles. 8. the provision for a supportive, protective and corrective mental, physical , sociocultural and spiritual environment....