PS100 Challenge Exam Study Guide Final PDF

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This should help you to get a good grade on the challenge exam and/ or know how to do well in the class....

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BYU PS100 CHALLENGE EXAM STUDY GUIDE

Table of Contents My PS100 Challenge Exam Success Story ................................................................................................. 5 How to Ace the Challenge Exam ............................................................................................................... 5 How to use this Study Guide ..................................................................................................................... 6 UNIT 1 ........................................................................................................................................................... 7 CHAPTER 1: Knowledge, science, and the universe .................................................................................. 8 CHAPTER 2: Laws governing motion ....................................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER 3: The gravitational interaction............................................................................................... 11 CHAPTER 4: The electromagnetic interaction......................................................................................... 12 CHAPTER 5: Application of the laws of force and motion ...................................................................... 13 CHAPTER 6: Forces in Fluids .................................................................................................................... 14 CHAPTER 7: Motion at high speeds & relativity...................................................................................... 15 CHAPTER 8: Conservation laws ............................................................................................................... 16 CHAPTER 9: Energy ................................................................................................................................. 17 UNIT 2 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18 CHAPTER 10: Waves ................................................................................................................................ 19 CHAPTER 11: Light................................................................................................................................... 21 CHAPTER 12: Physical properties of Matter ........................................................................................... 22 CHAPTER 13: Molecular model of matter ............................................................................................... 23 CHAPTER 14: The Nuclear Atom ............................................................................................................. 25 CHAPTER 15: Duality of Matter............................................................................................................... 26 CHAPTER 16: The Quantum model of the atom ..................................................................................... 28 CHAPTER 17: The Periodic Table............................................................................................................. 29 UNIT 3 ......................................................................................................................................................... 31 CHAPTER 18: The law of increasing disorder .......................................................................................... 32 CHAPTER 19: Atoms, Molecules, and extended-bonding substances .................................................... 34 CHAPTER 20: Principles of Chemical Reactivity ...................................................................................... 36 CHAPTER 21: Bonding in metals, alloys, and semiconductors ................................................................ 37 CHAPTER 22: Bonding in Ionic Compounds ............................................................................................ 39 CHAPTER 23: Covalent Bonds ................................................................................................................. 40 CHAPTER 24: Molecular structures in real life ........................................................................................ 43 CHAPTER 25: Radioactivity...................................................................................................................... 44 UNIT 4 ......................................................................................................................................................... 47

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CHAPTER 26: Earth’s interior .................................................................................................................. 48 CHAPTER 27: Continental drift and plate tectonics ................................................................................ 50 CHAPTER 28: Geologic Time ................................................................................................................... 53 CHAPTER 29: Earth materials .................................................................................................................. 54 CHAPTER 30: Surface processes.............................................................................................................. 55 CHAPTER 31: Earth’s Climate .................................................................................................................. 56 CHAPTER 32: Beyond Earth..................................................................................................................... 57 CHAPTER 33: The life of a star ................................................................................................................ 58 CHAPTER 34: Cosmology: the history of the universe ............................................................................ 61 REVIEW........................................................................................................................................................ 65 ITEMS TO MEMORIZE.............................................................................................................................. 66 TYPES OF BONDS AND THEIR PROPERTIES .............................................................................................69

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My PS100 Challenge Exam Success Story I was about to start my last semester at BYU when I realized that I hadn’t fulfilled my Physical Science credit. I was told that because my course load was already at the maximum number of credits, I would have to take Physical Science during the next semester, and pay $945 just to take it, delaying my graduation. I was understandably annoyed, and began looking for other options. I soon found out about the Challenge Exam. I was determined to test out of PS100, but I was worried that my lack of science experience would make it more difficult for me to test out. I bought an older version of the textbook online for $10, and started reading it. I eventually found out about ps100.byu.edu, and started watching the videos and taking the quizzes after reading the respective chapter in the textbook. I made this study guide as I went through the material, writing down the most important topics to know for the test. After meeting with a few PS100 TA’s and showing them my study guide, they were impressed, and told me that I was most likely going to pass the Challenge Exam. I ended up scoring 98% on the test, without any background in science classes, and with essentially 2 weeks to prepare for the test. I saved myself $945, and was able to graduate on time. I hope that after using the content in this study guide, you can feel prepared and primed to take the PS100 Challenge Exam. I hope that you receive the same feeling of satisfaction that I did after testing out of the course. Feel free to reach out to me at [email protected] if you have any questions about my experience. Best of luck!

How to Ace the Challenge Exam If you have enough time to obtain a copy of the PS100 textbook “Physical Science Foundations”, use Method 1. If you are pressed for time, or are otherwise unable to obtain a PS100 textbook, use Method 2. Method 1 (Recommended): 1. Buy any version of the PS100 textbook, “Physical Science Foundations”. It does not have to be the most recent edition. Even if you end up taking the PS100 course, you can still use the older editions. Amazon has lots of used 4th edition textbooks for under $10. 2. Do the following as you study each chapter: a. Read the chapter section on this study guide. b. Skim read through the textbook chapter, slowing down at sections that discuss the content that is on the Study Guide. c. Watch the videos for the chapter at ps100.byu.edu, and take notes in the margins of this study guide as you go through the videos and main points of the chapter. d. Take the chapter quiz at ps100.byu.edu, and save the questions you missed by screenshotting them onto a document. If you have access to a PS100 TA during the week before the Add/Drop deadline, review those questions with a TA.

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3. Once you’ve completed the above steps for each chapter, go through the review section at the end of this study guide. Memorize verbatim the topics in the “Items to Memorize” section, and make sure you understand the differences between the types of bonds. 4. If you can, meet with a PS100 TA during the first week before the Add/Drop deadline, and review more difficult concepts with them. Method 2 (Faster, but not recommended): 1. Do the following as you study each chapter: a. Read the chapter section on this study guide. b. Watch the videos for the chapter at ps100.byu.edu, and take notes in the margins of this study guide as you go through the videos and main points of the chapter. c. Take the chapter quiz at ps100.byu.edu, and save the questions you missed by screenshotting them onto a document. If you have access to a PS100 TA during the week before the Add/Drop deadline, review those questions with a TA. 2. Once you’ve completed the above steps for each chapter, go through the review section at the end of this study guide. Memorize verbatim the topics in the “Items to Memorize” section, and make sure you understand the differences between the types of bonds. 3. If you can, meet with a PS100 TA during the first week before the Add/Drop deadline, and review more difficult concepts with them.

How to use this Study Guide This study guide is sorted by the Units and Chapters of the PS100 course as outlined at ps100.byu.edu and in the textbook “Physical Science Foundations”. The items listed in the chapter sections of the study guide are the most important points to know from each chapter. The Review section lists the most important items to memorize verbatim for the test, and lists some key differences between bond types that are important to know for the test.

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CHAPTER 1: Knowledge, science, and the universe 4 sources of knowledge 1. 2. 3. 4.

Authority Sensory Data Intuition- you have a hunch, belief in God, things you just know Reason- using previous principles that can apply to future problem

6 self-evident truths 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Existence: there is a real world outside of our brain Causality: cause always precedes effect Position symmetry: laws of nature are the same no matter where you are Time symmetry: laws of nature do not change with time Non-contradiction: if you have two opposing viewpoints about the same thing, one must be false 6. Occam’s razor: if you have multiple true competing theories about something, the simplest one should be chosen

Scientific Method -

Laws, theories, and hypotheses come together to create MODELS

4 fundamental forces (smallest to biggest) 1. Strong nuclear force a. Only felt in nucleus itself by protons and neutrons b. Holds nucleus together 2. Weak nuclear force (not important for this class) 3. Electromagnetic interaction a. Interaction between positives and negatives b. Electrons, protons, atoms, molecules, molecular complexes c. Attracts electrons to the nucleus 4. Gravity a. everything bigger than a continent b. Earth, solar system, milky way galaxy, universe Strong force is nuclei. Keeping the nuclei together. Electromagnetic force is trying to break apart the nucleus. Contact forces. Charges interacting. Smaller scale of interactions. Weak force will never be an answer. Just know: weak force is responsible for radioactivity (breaking things apart). Gravitational. Larger scale.

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CHAPTER 2: Laws governing motion Newton’s Laws concerning motion 1. Inertia a. 2. F=MA a. b. c. d.

Objects in motion or at rest stay in that state unless other forces act upon it

Force, mass, acceleration Velocity=speed and direction Acceleration=change in speed or direction of an object Unbalanced forces- these cause acceleration i. Gravity, electromagnetic force ii. If there are no unbalanced forces, there is no acceleration 3. Force Pairs a. All forces result from interactions between pairs of objects, each object exerting a force on the other. The two resulting forces have the same strength and act in exactly opposite directions. i. I exert force on earth = earth exerts force on me. 1. Earths mass X earths Acceleration= my mass X my acceleration ii. Single sided forces cannot exist

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CHAPTER 3: The gravitational interaction Horizontal ball thrown hits ground at exact same time as dropped ball because acceleration from gravity is the same on both. Weight=mass X gravity All stuff hits ground at same time regardless of weight, mass, or anything else The moon has such forward speed that it is always the same distance from earth. (orbit) Orbit=something is falling toward earth as fast as it’s falling away from it. Velocity= (position1-position2)/time Acceleration=(velocity1-velocity2)/time Something can be moving but have zero acceleration if it is travelling at a constant rate Speed tells you how fast something is going, velocity tells you how fast something is going in a certain direction. Velocity is speed and direction. Going backwards is negative acceleration Weight is a unit of force Mass is the same here on earth that it is on moon Weight is different, depends on pull of gravity

General theory of relativity: space-time. Space and time are connected. Mass pushes down on space time and causes it to curve, (me on trampoline). Things fall toward the object because of the mass pushing down on space time. the motion of moon around the earth is accelerated motion because when an object moves in a circular orbit velocity is changed in every point and change in velocity is acceleration. Remember that F=MA for any question about forces and gravity. Gravity (g) is the acceleration. For objects accelerating only under the influence of gravity the acceleration, a is the gravitational acceleration g.

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CHAPTER 4: The electromagnetic interaction Opposite charges attract Like charges repel This equation is important. Put 1 in for k (just a constant)

When touching chalkboard, you aren’t actually touching it, you’re just getting really close. Electrons and protons in hand and chalkboard are repelling you. This is friction, contact force. Friction, contact force are electromagnetic forces Normal force is a type of contact force. The normal force is one component of the contact force between two objects, acting perpendicular to their interface. The frictional force is the other component; it is in a direction parallel to the plane of the interface between objects. Friction always acts to oppose any relative motion between surfaces. Electric current is electrons travelling through a conductor. Metals are good conductors. Some substances (insulators) don’t allow electrons to pass through it. Ferromagnetic: Metal alloys that are attracted to magnets or are capable of being transformed into a permanent magnet. Iron, Nickel.

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CHAPTER 5: Application of the laws of force and motion Centipedal MOTION: center seeking. Force that is pulling object toward the center of the circle. Other forces cause objects to move with centripedal motion. The moon is moving with centripedal motion. Gravity is the force that is causing it to move with centripedal motion. Centrifugal MOTION: center fleeing. Does not exist, a bit of an illusion. Force that is pushing object away from center of a circle. Doesn’t exist but we feel it because of newton’s first law, we want to go in straight direction, so we feel like we’re being pushed but we’re just trying to go in same direction that we were going before. Unbalanced forces cause acceleration. The moon is accelerating. When you are in a constant state of motion, or not moving at all, you are NOT accelerating. If you have unbalanced forces, you are accelerating, if you do not have unbalanced forces, you are NOT accelerating. Fly and train: F=MA for both parties, and MA =MA between them. Therefore, if mass is so big for train, train must have tiny acceleration backward. If mass is so small for fly, fly must have massive acceleration backward (smashes fly). Remember terminal velocity of skydiver!! At that point force of gravity and force of air resistance are EQUAL. At this point the diver stop accelerating. He is not accelerating. After pulling chute, a skydiver is accelerating upward even though he is moving downward.

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CHAPTER 6: Forces in Fluids Pressure=force/area Pressure in unbounded fluids: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Pressure depends on depth (only) Pressure is the same for all points at the same depth Pressure at a given depth is independent of direction Pressure is always perpendicular to the surface of a submerged object

Buoyancy: strictly the upward force. The strength of the force equals the weight of the displaced fluid. Archimedes principle: An object immersed in a fluid experiences an upward buoyant force caused by contact interactions with the surrounding fluid. The strength of this force equals the weight of the displaced fluid. Buoyancy depends more on volume than on anything else. If two things take up the same amount of space, they have the same amount of buoyant force. Buoyant force is equal to the weight of the displaced water Mass doesn’t affect buoyancy it only affects gravity. Weight doesn’t affect buoyancy it is just the force of gravity on a given mass. Flotation: when the buoyant force is equal to the weight of the object. When the weight of the displaced fluid equals the weight of the object.

Density=mass/volume Hot air balloon stops rising because: the air higher in the atmosphere is less dense. So, the air that is displaced by the balloon weighs less, therefore the buoyant force is less. The pull of gravity is the same during the entire flight. The balloon stops rising when the buoyant force is the same as gravitational force. Salt water is denser, so the weight of displaced fluid is greater in salt water. So, the buoyant force is greater for objects in salt water. Icebergs float higher in salt water.

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CHAPTER 7: Motion at high speeds & relativity Speed of light=C C is a constant. 3E^8 m/s If I’m driving in truck at 50 mph and shine light at people in front of me, the light is still travelling at C NOT C plus 50mph. If I’m driving at half the speed of light, light passing me on the left will NOT seem to be slower, it will still be C. C is constant. Because of this, to the observer: (t...