PS201 Exam 1 Study Guide PDF

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Contains definitions of important terms and concepts that will be on the exam....

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Module 1: self identification, how do we classify race, how does the census classify race, how would we measure ethnicity and race ■ Nonconcordant traits ■ Prerequisite cases ■ Race as a social construct

Module 2: race IAT, political coalitions, do they form more based on identity or ideology ■ Black utility heuristic ■ Linked fate

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Panethnic Identity Reactive ethnicity Realistic group conflict theory Relative deprivation theory Superordinate goals

Module 3: racial attitudes, implicit and explicit, stereotyping, racial profiling, what it means to be American ■ American Dilemma ■ Automatic vs Controlled racial stereotyping ■ Bogus Pipeline ■ Ethnocentrism ■ Implicit association test ■ List experiment

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Principled Politics Social desirability Social Dominance Theory Symbolic racism

Module 4: What makes an American, how immigrants assimilate, typical american ■ Americanization ■ Segmented assimilation ■ Straight Line assimilation

American Dilemma:

we hold certain beliefs but in practice we don't support them "equality is more effective in principle than in practice" la pierres experiment. holding up to beliefs we don't support.

Americanization the action of making a person or thing american in character or nationality

Automatic vs. controlled racial stereotyping:

automatic- implicit reactions such as natural reactions , more likely to shoot black guy with cell phone than white guy, IAT test, controlled- explicit conscious acknowledgement Black utility heuristic

calculating your likelihood of succeeding based on how everyone else in your group is doing. its rational for blacks to follow group cues in interpreting and acting in political world Bogus pipeline: fake lie detector. people admit hidden beliefs and admit things they didn't know. assumes people do not tell the truth when giving answers for sensitive, private, or socially expected topics Black utility heuristic calculating your likelihood of succeeding based on how everyone else in your group is doing. its rational for blacks to follow group cues in interpreting and acting in political world ethnocentrism learned from a robber's cave experiment with the boys at the camp. evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one's own culture. favoring one group over another framing when an individual's understanding/opinion of a story is determined by the way the media chooses to present it implicit association test shows how societies racial beliefs are buried in most people

implicit racial message visual references to race are juxtaposed with ostensibly non racial verbal messages on issues. many things affect implicit racial messages

link fate what happens to a individual is felt by many in the racial group list experiment judges implicit racial attitudes. group a has 3 statements group b has 4 statements one about race, you'd be as "which ones don't you like or feel uncomfortable with" way of judging implicit attitudes pan ethnic identity political neologism used to group together related ethnic groups prerequisite cases The court system makes decisions that chinese people are not white, learn concepts of other cases, defining laws and creating precedent, cases based on racial restrictions on naturalization. legal cases that involve what traits a person must have in order to qualify as being "white." priming Highlighting certain parts of an issue, close to agenda setting but on a different scale, pulling out parts to be more important principled politics adherence to a particular position and the more principled one is the less willing one is to compromise race as a social construct Race is not biological. it is a social construct. there is no gene or cluster of genes common to all blacks or all whites. racial classification for individuals would remain constant across boundaries. human kind as a single species reactive ethnicity how society is treating you, defining ethnicity on how you were treated as a whole. ex: being put into a context where race/ethnicity is very highlighted. asian americans may not want to be grouped with others so they back away from the label

realistic group conflict theory rational to have group conflict. competition over scarce resources=prejudice and discrimination. conflict makes sense. there's real threats so real conflict

relative deprivation theory you perceive yourself to have less than what you deserve so you fight to get it. people take action for social change in order to acquire something that others possess and which they believe they should have too. the bigger the gap the bigger opportunity for conflict. How am I doing relative to others similar to myself? segmented assimilation assimilated into certain groups but not entirely of american identity. immigrants don't completely lose their cultures social desirability bias prevent people from showing their true feelings, hard to identify racism social dominance theory theory of intergroup relations that focuses on the maintenance and stability of group based social hierarchies. intergroup relations are defined by inequalities in power and social status. White people own the nation, other ethnicities are marginalized. straight-line assimilation someone moves here and by the time there grandkid is boring they are fully assimilated superordinate goals goals that require the cooperation of 2 or more people or groups to achieve, which usually results in rewards to the groups. coming together to solve a problem and eliminating the primitive conflict symbolic racism modern racism= new racial prejudice results from anti black affect blended with traditional american values.

Diamond, Jared. 1994. "Race Without Color." Main Points: Arbitrary classification of race: skin color vs. body chemistry. Race by fingerprints? Digestion? Skin color? Genes? Races defined by body chemistry are much different than races defined by skin color Significance/Argument: Racial classification comes from the quick judgments we make in the sexual selection process (readily observable traits). Haney-Lopez, Ian. 1996. White by Law: The Legal Construction of Race. Chapter 3 ("The Prerequisite Cases"). New York: NYU Press. Main Points: How do we go about defining "white"? What defines race? "Prerequisite cases" refer to legal cases that involve what traits a person must have in order to qualify as being "white." Race determined how difficult the naturalization process would be. Four common rationale for prereq cases: Common knowledge - language, culture, traditions of whites Scientific evidence - definitions of white, fake science behind white supremacy Congressional intent - changing laws between whites/nonwhites Legal precedent - past cases often determined the outcomes of future cases Significance/Argument: prerequisite cases define much of how immigrants and race relations would play out in America, the non-white classifications rarely won. Powerful role of judicial system in forming racial identity and prejudice in the US Skerry, Peter. 2000. Counting on the Census?: Race, Group Identity, and the Evasion of Politics. Main Points: Race not as a biological or genetic inference, but a social construction There are administrative and political restraints on self-identification. Social scientists disagree about how to distinguish race from ethnicity. Reliability in survey response are an issue due to term ambiguity. Data needs to be reliable and valid Significance/Argument: inconsistencies exist in political/ethnic data as there is a vagueness in the way race and ethnicity are measured in the US. there are not defined categories. It's not easy to create ethnic divisions and categories for the entire US population.

Waters, Mary C. 1990. Ethnic Options: Choosing Identities in America. Main Points: Ethnicity is fluid for many European Americans and means different things for different people How much is known about one's identity varies based on factors such as socioeconomic status Appearance and surname are often unreliable for identifying ethnicity People carry biases about ethnicities and use that to declare their own ethnicity Factors Influencing Ancestry Choice Knowledge about Ancestors surname The use of physical appearance (looks) ranking of ethnic groups (desirability of ethnic groups at the time) Significance/Argument: Americans are constantly given the choice on whether to identify ancestrally or melt into the wider American identity, being American is often our primary identity when understood in terms of loyalty and patriotism. Wong, Janelle, S. Karthick Ramakrishnan, Taeku Lee, and Jane Junn. 2011. Asian American Political Participation. Main Points: How Asian americans identify, nationally, pan-ethnically Asian americans have less a sense of linked fate as AA Small majority of Asian Americans identify pan-ethnically, mainly identify first ethnically Significance/Argument: Asian american identity is dynamic, complex and linked to immigration history and social context. Lack of political homogeneity in the political actions of Asian voters. Dawson, Michael C. 1994. Behind the Mule: Race and Class in African-American Politics. Main Points: economic group interests directly and indirectly influence political behavior socioeconomic status only weakly influences perceptions of linked fate perception of group interests influences perceptions of absolute and relative economic well-being group interests affect perceptions of relative social influence (throughout the 1980s) individual beliefs and perceptions were in line with relatively unified group political behavior linked fate Class is becoming an increasingly more important for African Americans. Economic distress has always been a reality for African Americans. Socioeconomic status weakly influences liked fate.

Better-off African Americans are more likely to believe in linked fate. Linked fate leads African Americans to have similar political values and vote in similar ways. Significance/Argument: Group interests and class divisions affect perceptions of the economy and of the social influence of racial groups, which in turn shape many important political outcomes. Huntington, Samuel P. 2004. Who Are We?: The Challenges to America's National Identity. Main Points: Americanization is un-American There is a belief that the value of an American citizenship is decreasing. Should immigrants be expected to assimilate or should their diversity/ culture from their perspective homelands be valued in this nation? What are the ties between capitalism and an immigrant's role in this nation? Are immigrants merely producers that owe something to this country? Due to declines in population growth, Immigration may be needed to supplement populations, the issue how much culture changes with the immigrants The more similar a country is to the US, the more likely immigrants from that country will remain in the country and assimilate immigrants should be dispersed among the US in order to speed along assimilation Significance/Argument: By the end of the 20th C, Assimilation no longer meant Americanization Firstly, segmented assimilation: Assimilation not into American society, rather their own marginal, subnational segment of society Second alternative to Americanization: non assimilation, culture of the US is our immigrants and the cultures they each bring with them → German descendants would be German, not German-Americans Thirdly, ampersand alternative capitalize on modern communications and transportation to maintain dual allegiances, dual nationality, and dual citizenship Schildkraut, Deborah. 2007. "Defining American Identity in the Twenty-First Century: How Much 'There' is There?" Main Points: Tested the claims that increasing cultural diversity in the US in terms of race, ethnicity, ancestry and nativity is threatening the long-standing consensus on the meaning of what it means to be an 'American' Finds little evidence of this fear being real Partisanship and ideology are the primary lines of contestation (arguing)

American identity focuses on 2 components: liberalism (freedom/opportunity) and ethnoculturalism (white Protestants) Significance/Argument: When we understand which aspects of American identity animate policy debates and drive opinions: we learn about the kinds of aspects of America that people wish to preserve. Using a single measure of Americanism is not the way of the future Devos, Thierry and Mahzarin R. Banaji. 2005. "American = White?" Main Points: Ultimately, to be American is to be white. This opposes the idea that being American is to be equal. Explicit responses indicate ethnic minorities are not systematically conceived to be less American. They embody the American identity more. In mainly all studies, white American associate being white with being American compared to being an Asian american and not necessarily being considered American. The perception of American= white is dissociated from knowledge of ethnic association. Significance/Argument: Interconnections between ethnic and national identities. Subgroups may differ in the ease with which they are included in a superordinate identity. Propensity to equate American with White may facilitate the integration of ethnic and American identities for White Americans, but not those members of other subgroups (or those not White). Exclusionary patriotism, antagonism to ethnic minorities Ture, Kwame and Charles Hamilton. 1992 (1967). Black Power: The Politics of Liberation. Main Points: Struggles of the black community leading up to civil rights movement, specifically in regards to their difficulty trying to get involved in politics = problems w/ political participation Causes of disenfranchisement of AA & racism: white supremacy, colonialism, and systematic continuation of these dynamics. These dynamics led to the creation of Black Power groups/organizations: Student nonviolent coordinating committee → regional campaigns and running black candidates, saw success but full potential not fully realized. "We do not believe it is possible to form meaningful coalitions unless both or all parties are not only willing but believe it absolutely necessary to challenge [white supremacy] and other prevailing norms and institutions" Significance/Argument: Exposes the depths of systematic racism → true and lasting social change will only happen through unity among African Americans and their independence from order. Authors push towards challenges political coalitions to genuinely serve anti-racism and needs of the black community. Challenge the physical,

material conditions of inequality of AA, changing perspectives of race relations both inside and outside the black community. Black Power not only rests in dismantling white supremacy, but also in establishing camaraderie within the black community. Sonenshein, Raphael J. 1993. Politics in Black and White: Race and Power in Los Angeles. Main Points: Past of LA, biracial coalition behind Mayor Bradley (AA, Latinos, Jews, Asians) → became elected, Affirmative action increases hiring Crossover politics and racial violence coexist in urban America Compares relative successes in LA to their disheartening failures in NYC Minorities began to cooperate to gain political power to address growing issues of poverty, unemployment, police brutality and discrimination in their city. NYC white politicians paid attention to some of the minority concerns → delayed the formation of a biracial/multiracial coalition Significance/Argument: Looks at the crucial issue of politics in the US → Can whites and minorities find common ground? COALITION FORMATIONS McClain, Paula et al. 2006. "Racial Distancing in a Southern City: Latino Immigrants' Views of Black Americans." Main Points: Many latinos settling in the South = major demographic change for the US. reflects latinos attitudes towards the black community in southern cities. In general, latinos were found to hold negative stereotypical views of blacks and felt they have more in common w/ whites. Latinos modulated a sense of linked fate amongst latinos → could be why latinos do not identify strongly with African Americans Significance/Argument: South contains the most African Americans in the US and no other region has ever been defined so strongly by the racial divide between whites and blacks. How these Latino immigrants situate themselves vs. black Americans has profound implications for the social and political fabric of the south. Devine, Patricia G. 1989. "Stereotypes and Prejudice: Their Automatic and Controlled Components." Main Points: Study tested basic assumptions on race derived from controlled and automatic processes in the mind in regards to prejudice. Is prejudice controllable or autonomous? Study 1: supported assumption that high-low prejudice persons are equally knowledgeable of cultural stereotypes. Model suggests that the stereotypes are automatic when someone is presented to be of the racial origin of the stereotype.

Low-prejudice responses require controlled inhibition of the automatically controlled stereotype. Study 2: examines efforts of automatic stereotypes by analyzing behaviors of people which suggested that when a subjects' ability to consciously monitor stereotype activation is made impossible, both high & low prejudiced people produce stereotypes. Study 3: examined high and low prejudiced subjects' responses in a consciously directed thought-listing task. Only low-prejudice subjects inhibited the automatically activated stereotype congruent thoughts and replaced them with thoughts reflecting equality and negotiations of the stereotype. Significance/Argument: demonstrates that stereotypes and prejudicial emotions can be activated automatically, in opposition to one's explicit, controlled beliefs. Kinder, Donald R., and Cindy D. Kam. 2010. Us Against Them: Ethnocentric Foundations of American Opinion. Main Points: Ethnocentrism: tendency to partition the human world into in-groups and out-groups, pervades societies around the world. Humans are predisposed to ethnocentrism → explore its impact on our construction of attitudes towards issues like terrorism, humanitarian aid, immigration, and social programs. Ethnocentrism shapes public opinion → political consequences on the formation of our current political landscape In-groups: characterized as friendly, cooperative, safe Out-groups: characterized as unfriends, unworthy of trust, and dangerous A person acts in favor of ingroup and opposes outgroups = natural Significance/Argument: Ethnocentrism has profound impacts on racial politics in the US, consequence of conflict, natural selection, social identity and authoritarian personalities. Butler, Daniel M. and David E. Broockman. 2011. "Do Politicians Racially Discriminate Against Constituents? A Field Experiment on State Legislators." Main Points: Emails sent to state legislators where race is signaled in the name of the sender. Study measured how quickly politicians responded (white & black) White politicians overwhelmingly favored the white name in response time. Black politicians favored the black name in who they responded to. Overall, black requests received fewer replies. Explanations: strategic partisanship, indicating that strategic considerations cannot completely explain the observed differential treatments between races. Also, white

legislators of both parties exhibited similar levels of discrimination against blacks (reps & dems), minority legislators did the opposite, responding quicker to blacks. Significance/Argument: Measured how politicians racially discriminate to their constituents = politics are truly racialized. Kinder, Donald R., and Lynn M. Sanders. 1996. Divided by Color: Racial Politics and Democratic Ideals. Main Points: Reasons for the division between white/black reactions to the OJ Simpson trial. Finds that racial resentment continues to exist in the US. racial resentment remains the most powerful determinant of white opinion on such racially charged issues as welfare, affirmative action, school desegregation, and the plight of the inner cit...