PSY 260 RS T5 Article Summary proceed w/caution. nothing is ever good enough for edward garrido PDF

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PSY-260 Topic 5 Article Summary

College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Grand Canyon University PSY 260: Introduction to Psychological Research and Ethics Dr. Edward Garrido a P.O.S instructor 10/24/2021

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2 PSY-260 Topic 5 Article Summary Article 1: Romantic Red Revisited: Red Enhances Men's Attraction to Young, but Not Menopausal Women Purpose of Study and Hypotheses In recent studies, the color red has shown to enhance men’s sexual attraction towards women. This study (Romantic Red Revisited: Red Enhances Men's Attraction to Young, but Not Menopausal Women) has sampled 60 young men with the average age of 25 years and 60 older men with the average age of 54 years. Both male groups were shown a picture of a woman of 24 years old and again with a woman at the age of 48. Both women were presented with either a red background or a white background in the picture. The results were only the younger woman was identified as more attractive with the red background compared to that of the white background. The older woman had no impact in sexual attractiveness regarding the color of the background (red or white). Research Design and Variables The experimental study is designed to test whether or not the color red has any effectiveness on sexual attraction of women, more particular, young women compared to that of women that have reached the age of menopause. The independent variables in the experimental study conducted was a picture of a young woman with a red background, followed by a picture of the same young woman with a white background. The other part of the independent variable was a picture of an older woman (menopausal age) with a red background, followed by the same older woman with a white background. These pictures were presented to the dependent variable. The dependent variable was made up two groups of men. The first group was a group of 60 men with the average age of 25 years of age, followed by the second group of 60 men with the average age of 54 years.

3 Participants The participants that made up the experiment were two groups of men for a total of 120 participants. As previously stated, the first group of men were made up of 60 men with the average age of 25. The second group of men made up the remaining difference (60 participants) with the average age of 54 years. Measures This study measured the sexual attractiveness of the color red by using a questionnaire with three questions in order to measure sexual attractiveness: “How much do you want to be intimate with this person?”, How sexually desirable do you find this person?”, and How much do you want to have sex with this person?” Participants were then asked to rate the level of physical attraction, intelligence, and likability of the pictures of the women. Lastly, the participants were asked if their ratings were influenced by dress, facial expressions, and the color of the background and to what degree of influence. This is the same questionnaire used and developed by Elliot and Niesta (2008) and all questions were on a 9-point scale (1 being none to 9 being extremely). The picture was on a 10.2 cm × 15.2 cm and centered on a DIN A4 page and both women were the same used by Elliot and Niesta (2008). It is worth noting in pretests have indicated that both the young woman and the older woman in the pictures were considered attractive and were printed with a HP PSC 1410 printer on glossy white paper. Results Test results showed that the participants were considerably more attracted to the young woman with the red background than to the same picture of the young woman with the white background. However, the background color had no effect on the level of attractiveness of the older woman with same-colored backgrounds. Another significant interaction between the age of

4 the participant and age of the woman shows that both young and old participants viewed the young woman as equally sexually attractive, but this not the case for the picture of the older woman. As an added measure, mixing colors between the dress and the background resulted in the dress was rated more important than the color of the background. The background was the least important factor. The results of the red color only influenced the sexual attractiveness of the young woman and no change of influence on likability, nor intelligence. Conclusions The color red had an impact on attractiveness of the young woman but not the older woman by both older and younger men. The background had no significant impact as compared to the color of the dress worn and only for the younger woman, not the older woman, again by both groups of men. The color red had no impact on likability, intelligence, but only sexual attraction. In conclusion, it stands to reason that wearing the color red does increase sexual appeal of younger woman to both young and older men.

5 Article 2: Organizational Justice and Job Satisfaction as Predictors of Turnover Intentions among Teachers in the Offinso South District of Ghana Purpose of Study and Hypotheses According to the study aforementioned, there has been an increase of protest from teachers demanding better conditions of service and better pay within the region of Ghana. The teaching profession in Ghana is afflicted with the highest turnover rate and it has now become a serious and credible threat to the effectiveness of the educational system in Ghana. Job dissatisfaction and the perception of workplace injustice are the major driving factors that were contributing to the high turnover rates among the teachers in Ghana. Failure in placing importance of job satisfaction and fair treatment among teachers affect work performance. As a result, affecting the intention of teachers staying in the profession. This study conducted, is designed to determine the level of influence of job satisfaction on turnover rate among teachers and determine validity of the correlation of job satisfaction and turnover rates. Research Design and Variables This correlational study is to determine addressing the concerns within the teaching community will reduce the turnover rate and restore the effectiveness of the educational system in Ghana. More specifically a cross-sectional survey was used. This allows for large data collection within the shortest time. The survey used the predictor variables, or the correlation used in the survey was job dissatisfaction, perception of injustice and better pay by a selfreporting questionnaire. Participants Through the use and recruitment of the convenience sampling technique, the participants of the study were derived from the population of the Senior High School teachers of the Offinso-

6 South District of the Ashanti Region of Ghana. Offinso-South is one of the oldest districts and it consists of three Senior High Schools. This area or region is of high interest for it is the most afflicted. Teachers from these three Senior High Schools were recruited, which brings an estimated number of teachers to a total of 300. Of the 300, 120 questionnaires were sent, which yielded 114 returned questionnaires from all three Senior High Schools within Offinso-South. Measures The study measured the variables of using a self-reported questionnaire by the use of three scales. The three scales were the following: organizational justice, job satisfaction, and turnover intentions. Organizational justice index (Niehoff & Moorman, 1993), a 20-item scale used to determine how employees determine fairness within their jobs. For job satisfaction, the Teachers Satisfaction Scale (Weiss et al., 1967) was used to measure job satisfaction. Lastly, to determine turnover intentions, the Turnover Intention Scale (Lawler et al., 1975) was implemented in order to determine how often and how many teachers thought of or were currently thinking about terminating employment. Results The results of the questionnaire using specific scales based on the feedback of the 114 returned questionnaires all contained a correlation between high turnover and validity of the teachers protests regarding pay. Pay has the highest relationship with turnover intentions. Teachers in Ghana place a great importance on pay because it is solely reliant on their livelihood. It only stands to reason, dissatisfaction with pay produces intentions to quit. Though an increase in job satisfaction among teachers can decrease intentions to quit, it is not enough to overcome the importance of pay. This applies to promotions, supervision, and the work itself. If it does not positively affect pay, job dissatisfaction increases. In other words, inheriting more

7 responsibilities associated with job titles without a sufficient increase in pay may lead to an increase in job dissatisfaction, raising the potential for self-termination. This is also supported by organizational justice. If job responsibility does not match pay satisfaction, higher turnover is to be expected. This is known as distributive justice. Conclusions It is interesting to note that teachers are protesting better pay and better conditions of service are spot on with the study. It is the only component of job satisfaction. Distributive and procedural justice account for the level of turnover intentions. Teachers are not motivated to work harder or acquire additional responsibilities unless financial compensation matches job satisfaction and vice versa. This is resulting on teachers earnestly working in order to provide a living themselves.

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References

Addai, P., Kyeremeh, E., Abdulai, W., & Sarfo, J. O. (2018). Organizational justice and job satisfaction as predictors of turnover intentions among teachers in the Offinso South District of Ghana. European Journal of Contemporary Education, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.13187/ejced.2018.2.235 Elliot, A. J., & Niesta, D. (2008). Romantic red: Red enhances men's attraction to women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(5), 1150–1164. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.95.5.1150 Lawler, E., Cammann, C., Nadler, D., & Jenkins, D. (1975). Michigan Organizational Assessment Questionnaire. PsycTESTS Dataset. https://doi.org/10.1037/t01581-000 Niehoff, B. P., & Moorman, R. H. (1993). Justice as a mediator of the relationship between methods of monitoring and organizational citizenship behavior. Academy of Management Journal, 36(3), 527–556. https://doi.org/10.2307/256591 Schwarz, S., & Singer, M. (2013). Romantic red revisited: Red enhances men's attraction to young, but not menopausal women. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49(1), 161–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2012.08.004 Weiss, D., Dawis, R. V., England, G. W., & Lofquist, L. H. (1967). Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire--Long Form. PsycTESTS Dataset. https://doi.org/10.1037/t05540-000

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