Psych 1010 notes-Senses PDF

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Intro psych notes talking about the human senses. Professor Gillies class number 3...

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Psych 1010 notes V3 Sensation : what happens when information is detected by a sensory receptor Sensory information 1. Includes vision, hearing, smell, taste, touch, balance, body position, movement, pain, and temperature Absolute threshold Subliminal messages 1. Messages that are presented below the threshold for conscious awareness are called subliminal messages . Difference threshold 1. How much of a difference in an external stimuli for a stimulus is required to detect it Perception: how sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced Sensation is a physical process, whereas perception is psychological Attention and motivation determine what is sensed versus what is perceived Sensory adaptation 1. Adapts to change of senses( drown out highway noise) Signal detection theory 1. Mom awakened by a baby crying but not someone walking upstairs Top-down processing 1. How we interpret sensation as influenced by our thoughts knowledge and experience Bottom-up processing 1. Perception is based off of our sensation

Visual Processing Visual information is processed in parallel pathways which can generally be described as the what pathway ( the ventral pathway) and the where pathway( the dorsal pathway) Trichromatic theory 1. The cones respond to three wavelengths that represent red, blue and green 2. All colors can be produced by combining red blue and green 3. Applies to visual procession on the retina Opponent process 1. Color is coded in opponent pairs black white, yellow- blue and green-red 2. Cells of the visual system are excited by one of the opponent colors and inhibited by the other 3. Explains why we cant see greenish red and why there are afterimages 4. Applies once the signal moves past the retina on its way to the brain Depth perception 1. Ability to perceive spatial relationships in space

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Binocular cues Requires both eyes and recieves generally the same image Binocular disparity Monocular cues 1. Require only one eye Auditory 1. Pinna: the outside of the ear 2. Auditory canal 3. Tympanic membrane (eardrum) Sound waves travel into our ears at various speeds and amplitudes 1. Higher amplitudes are associated with louder sounds 2. High frequency sound waves are perceived as high pitched sounds Temporal theory 1. Frequency is coded by the activity ecel of a sensory neuron. Place theory 1. Different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies 2. Place contributes to pitch perception for frequencies under 4000Hz 3. Much higher frequency sounds can only be encoded using place cues Sound localization 1. Monaural each pinna interacts with incoming sound waves differently depending on the sounds source relative to our bodies 2. Binaural cues 3. Interaural level difference 4. Interaural timing difference Hearing loss 1. Deafness: the partial or complete inability 2. Congenital deafness: being born deaf 3. Conductive hearing loss: due to age, genetic predisposition, or environmental effects 4. Sensorineural hearing loss: a failure to transmit neural signals from the cochlea to the brain 5. Cochlear implant receives incoming sound information and directly stimulates the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain Taste 1. Molecules from the food and beverages we consume dissolve in our saliva and interact with taste receptors on our tongue (below) and in our mouth and throat ○ Taste is a chemical sense Sweet, salty, sour and bitter Groups of taste ●

Smell

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Olfactory receptors are proteins with pockets that identify molecules of chemicals in the air. This information is transmitted from the olfactory bulb to the brain Touch Specific receptors in the skin convert stimulation to electrical nerve impulses a process called transduction Mechanoreceptors respond to mechanical stimuli such as stroking stretching or vibration of the skin Thermoreceptors respond to cold or hot temperatures Chemoreceptors respond to certain types of chemicals either applied externally or released within the skin Pain 1. Pain is adaptive because it makes us aware of an injury and it motivates us to remove ourselves from the cause of that injury 2. Neuropathic pain 3. Inflammatory pain 4. Nociceptors are subtypes of chemoreceptors or mechanoreceptors that fire specifically to potentially tissue damaging stimuli Cepa: feeling no pain Pain is signaled via past conducting a fibers which project to the somatosensory cortex Motivation decision 1. Hypnotism or meditate to subdue the descending pathway Vestibular sense: contributes to balance and sense of spatial orientation Proprioception: perception of body position Kinesthesia: perception of your body's movement. Key component in muscle memory and hand eye coordination Gestalt principles of perception 1. Figure ground relationship: deciding which is the figure and which is the ground 2. Law of continuity: we want things to be complete 3. Principle of closure: we close things so we will complete things in their entirety 4. Principle of proximity: group things together and base our assumption of those things...