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Test Item File for Lilienfeld et al, Psychology: From Inquiry to Understanding, Canadian Edition

Chapter 10: Human Development: How and Why We Change 1) Dr. Spinella's research focuses on the effects of early parenting practices on future behavioural tendencies of children. It is most likely that Dr. Spinella is a(n) ________ psychologist. A) developmental B) industrial/organizational C) physiological D) environmental Answer: A Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 409 Skill: Factual 2) Which of the following statements is illustrative of the post hoc fallacy? A) Believing that because someone is specially trained, he or she is more likely to become a professional athlete B) Believing that because someone has benefitted from the best coaching, he or she will have a good chance of becoming a professional athlete C) Believing that because someone is muscular in body type, he or she is more likely to become a professional athlete D) Believing that because most professional athletes lift weights, weightlifting produces professional athletes Answer: D Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 409 Skill: Applied 3) The scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception to death is called A) abnormal psychology. B) gerontology. C) human development. D) maturational studies. Answer: C Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 409 Skill: Factual 4) A psychologist spends her entire career studying how and why changes occur in people throughout their lives. This psychologist is most likely working in the field of A) abnormal psychology. B) gerontology. C) human development. D) maturational studies. Answer: C Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 409 Skill: Factual

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Test Item File for Lilienfeld et al, Psychology: From Inquiry to Understanding, Canadian Edition

5) A researcher has studied a group of patients who have a rare terminal type of cancer, and has found that they all were regular cranberry juice drinkers. He concluded that drinking cranberry juice led to the development of the rare cancer. In this case, the researcher has most likely made an error in judgment due to A) bidirectional influences. B) the availability heuristic. C) cohort effects. D) the post hoc fallacy. Answer: D Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 409 Skill: Applied 6) Dr. Brady studies parenting practices and childhood dispositions. He has found a relationship between the two variables, and concludes that if parents treat their children with warmth and care, then their children will be well-adjusted and emotionally healthy. What problem would be associated with Dr. Brady’s conclusion? A) The post hoc fallacy. B) Bidirectional influences. C) Cohort effects. D) Confirmation bias. Answer: B Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 409-410 Skill: Applied 7) Which research method is most suitable for studying factors that influence behavioural change over time? A) Cohort B) Longitudinal C) Correlational D) Cross-sectional Answer: B Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 410 Skill: Factual 8) In a __________design, one group of participants is followed and assessed as the group ages. A) cohort B) longitudinal C) correlational D) cross-sectional Answer: B Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 410 Skill: Factual

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Test Item File for Lilienfeld et al, Psychology: From Inquiry to Understanding, Canadian Edition

9) Which of the following is a disadvantage of the longitudinal design? A) Individuals of different ages are being compared to one another. B) It is relatively inexpensive. C) It takes a shorter amount of time than a cross-sectional design. D) Participants may drop out due to moving, loss of interest, or death. Answer: D Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 410 Skill: Conceptual 10) Professor Sanchez is interested in studying development of motor skills. She collects data from 200 one-year-olds and follows and assesses them for a period of five years. What type of research design is Professor Sanchez using? A) Cohort B) Longitudinal C) Correlational D) Cross-sectional Answer: B Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 410 Skill: Applied 11) A researcher who selects a sample of people of varying ages and studies them at one point in time is, by definition, using the ______ method. A) cohort B) longitudinal C) correlational D) cross-sectional Answer: D Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 410 Skill: Factual 12) Professor Grant is interested in studying the development of a sense of humour. She collects data from groups of 6-year-olds, 16-year-olds, 26-year-olds, and 46-year-olds. What type of research design is Professor Grant using? A) Cohort B) Longitudinal C) Correlational D) Cross-sectional Answer: D Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 410 Skill: Applied

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Test Item File for Lilienfeld et al, Psychology: From Inquiry to Understanding, Canadian Edition

13) Which of the following is a main disadvantage of the cross-sectional design? A) Individuals of different ages are being compared to one another. B) It is relatively expensive. C) It takes a longer amount of time than a longitudinal study. D) Participants may drop out due to moving, loss of interest, or death. Answer: A Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 410 Skill: Conceptual 14) The local health department of a small town has hired a research firm to study the development of cancer in residents in the town due to a suspected cancer-causing agent and environmental pollution. The researcher will compare data on participants at age 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, etc., to see if there are increasing rates of cancer in the town. This type of research study is called a A) longitudinal design. B) cross-sectional design. C) cohort research design. D) correlational research design. Answer: A Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 410 Skill: Applied 15) When attempting to understand developmental transitions that people face throughout their life span, which of the following research designs would be most informative? A) Longitudinal design B) Cross-sectional design C) Cohort research design D) Correlational research design Answer: A Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 410 Skill: Conceptual 16) Which of the following research designs would be least effective in exploring the cognitive developmental issues facing 7-year-olds? A) Case study research design B) Cohort research design C) Correlational research design D) Cross-sectional research design Answer: A Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 410 Skill: Conceptual

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Test Item File for Lilienfeld et al, Psychology: From Inquiry to Understanding, Canadian Edition

17) Cohort effects are to _________________ as developmental effects are to __________________. A) nurture; nature B) correlations; experiments C) cross-sectional designs; longitudinal designs D) genetics; environment Answer: C Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 410 Skill: Conceptual 18) Dr. Aragio is a pediatrician and is constantly advising parents to carefully monitor the experiences their children have within the first three years of life as these are the most crucial in their psychological and physical development. Which view of development is consistent with Dr. Aragio’s advice? A) Childhood fragility B) Infant determinism C) Resiliency hypothesis D) Constructivism Answer: B Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 410-411 Skill: Applied 19) Which of the following is NOT one of the intersections of nature and nurture in developmental psychology? A) Gene expression B) Gene-environment interactions C) Natural selection of traits D) Nature via nurture Answer: C Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 411-412 Skill: Factual 20) ________refers to heredity and __________ refers to environmental influences. A) Nature; nurture B) Cognition; emotion C) Nurture; behavioural genetics D) Cross-sectional; longitudinal Answer: A Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 411-412 Skill: Factual

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Test Item File for Lilienfeld et al, Psychology: From Inquiry to Understanding, Canadian Edition

21) Dr. Smith believes people who are very aggressive have become so because of their life experiences. Dr. Goldberg believes people are more or less aggressive from birth because of genetic factors. Which of the following terms best describes an issue in human development that is highlighted by their disagreement? A) Nature versus nurture B) Cognition versus emotion C) Classical versus operant conditioning D) Cross-sectional studies versus longitudinal studies Answer: A Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 411-412 Skill: Applied 22) Juan and Carlos are identical twins. Juan was raised by his father and mother, and Carlos was accidentally placed with another family after a “mix up” at the hospital. At the age of 15, both boys “ran into each other” at a football game and noticed how they appeared to be “mirror images of each other.” After proving they were twins by genetic testing, the families discussed some of the differences between the boys. Juan is very athletic and intelligent and excels in basketball but does not take school seriously and has F’s in all subjects. Carlos is also athletic and intelligent, and excels in baseball and makes straight A’s as a result of his strict home life and study routine. Although they are identical twins, what do you think accounts for the differences in their academic performance based on the research? A) Nature B) Nurture C) School district superintendent D) Teacher appraisals of performance Answer: B Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 411-412 Skill: Applied 23) Each of the 10 children born to Ernest and Elvira Orangeburg has been born with red hair. Each child is also very intelligent and athletic. The Orangeburg’s are expecting an 11th child, who is also likely to be born with the same traits according to ______________ as evidenced in the _____________________. A) nurture; Nature versus Nurture controversy B) nature; Nature versus Nurture controversy C) environmental factors; Conception Theory D) teratogens; Conception Theory Answer: B Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 411-412 Skill: Applied

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Test Item File for Lilienfeld et al, Psychology: From Inquiry to Understanding, Canadian Edition

24) The heart, lungs, and brain begin to form during the ________ period of prenatal development. A) blastocyst B) embryonic C) zygotic D) fetal Answer: B Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 413 Skill: Conceptual 25) The term ________ refers to a ball of identical cells early in pregnancy that have not yet begun to take on any specific function in a body part. A) embryo B) blastocyst C) fetus D) neonate Answer: B Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 413 Skill: Factual 26) The prenatal period during which tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and become functional is called the _______________ period. A) blastocyst B) embryonic C) zygotic D) fetal Answer: D Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 413 Skill: Factual 27) Which of the following describes the fetal period? A) The period during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining B) The period during which the major organs and structures of the organism first develop C) The period during which the umbilical cord develops D) The period during which tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and become functional Answer: D Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 413 Skill: Factual

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Test Item File for Lilienfeld et al, Psychology: From Inquiry to Understanding, Canadian Edition

28) Tameeka is at a point in her pregnancy during which she is experiencing muscle contractions and movement and kicks. Which period of prenatal development is Tameeka currently experiencing? A) Blastocyst B) Embryonic C) Zygotic D) Fetal Answer: D Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 413 Skill: Applied 29) At fertilization, the chromosomes from the father’s sperm unite with the chromosomes from the mother’s egg, creating a new cell called a(n) A) blastocyst. B) embryo. C) zygote. D) genome. Answer: C Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 413 Skill: Factual 30) Ovum is a term used to describe A) the male sex cell. B) the female sex cell or egg. C) the developing organism from conception to the end of the second week after fertilization. D) the developing organism from 2 to 8 weeks after fertilization. Answer: B Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 413 Skill: Factual 31) The union of the ovum and sperm is called A) fertilization. B) an embryo. C) a zygote. D) the fetal period. Answer: A Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 413 Skill: Factual

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Test Item File for Lilienfeld et al, Psychology: From Inquiry to Understanding, Canadian Edition

32) In the process of fertilization the ________ and _________ unite, resulting in a single cell. A) sperm; ovum B) zygote; sperm C) embryo; zygote D) ovum; fetus Answer: A Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 413 Skill: Factual 33) Which of the following describes the embryonic period? A) the period during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining B) the period during which the major organs and structures of the organism first develop C) the period during which the umbilical cord develops D) the period during which tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and become functional Answer: B Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 413 Skill: Conceptual 34) Tameeka is at a point in her pregnancy during which the major organs and structures of her baby are first developing. Which period of prenatal development is Tameeka currently experiencing? A) Fetal B) Embryonic C) Placental D) Germinal Answer: B Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 413 Skill: Conceptual 35) Emily and her husband are thrilled as they peer into Emily’s uterus by means of an ultrasound. The physician reports that the pregnancy appears normal, and that their baby’s fingers, toes, heart, and circulatory system are developing as expected. The couple learns that the baby is only 2 cm long. Given this information, the current stage of prenatal development is the A) fetal stage. B) embryonic stage. C) placental stage. D) germinal stage. Answer: B Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 413 Skill: Applied

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Test Item File for Lilienfeld et al, Psychology: From Inquiry to Understanding, Canadian Edition

36) A fertilized cell is called a(n) ______________ when it consists of identical cells that have not begun to take on specific functions, and a(n) ______________ once the cells begin to differentiate and form bodily structures and organs. A) zygote; embryo B) blastocyst; fetus C) embryo; fetus D) blastocyst; embryo Answer: D Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 413 Skill: Factual/Conceptual 37) At what point in a pregnancy has the heart begun to beat in the developing child? A) By 18 days after fertilization B) By the ninth week C) By the second trimester D) At the moment of birth Answer: B Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 413-414 Skill: Factual 38) Which of the following terms is used to describe any substance, such as a drug, chemical, or virus, that can bring about a birth defect? A) Teratogen B) Critical period C) Carcinogen D) Biohazard Answer: A Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 414 Skill: Factual 39) Greta’s child has facial deformities, a smaller than normal head, heart defects, mental retardation, learning difficulties, and delayed growth. If these defects can be traced to a teratogen used by Greta when she was pregnant, which was she most likely abusing? A) Nicotine B) Cocaine C) Marijuana D) Alcohol Answer: D Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 414 Skill: Applied

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Test Item File for Lilienfeld et al, Psychology: From Inquiry to Understanding, Canadian Edition

40) What are some of the common consequences to a child whose mother smoked while pregnant? A) Increased birth weight and lethargy B) Lower birth weight and short stature C) Severe hearing loss and heart defects D) Severely deformed limbs and muscle spasms Answer: B Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 414 Skill: Factual 41) The process of _______________ is responsible for the remarkable rate of neural development in the fetal brain. A) proliferation B) neural plasticity C) neural migration D) neurogenesis Answer: A Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 414 Skill: Factual 42) Which of the following is NOT one of the additional processes that occur in the final stage of prenatal brain development that begin late in pregnancy and continue after birth? A) Synaptogenesis B) Proliferation C) Myelinization D) Synaptic pruning Answer: B Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 414 Skill: Factual 43) Which of the following is NOT an example of a teratogen? A) A mother contracting the H1N1 flu during pregnancy. B) A mother consuming alcoholic beverages during pregnancy. C) A mother who uses harsh chemicals to colour and perm her hair. D) A mother who suffers from depression while she is pregnant. Answer: C Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 414 Skill: Conceptual

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Test Item File for Lilienfeld et al, Psychology: From Inquiry to Understanding, Canadian Edition

44) Problems such as ___________________ pose a higher risk of infant death, infection, and developmental disorders than premature delivery. A) low birth weight B) difficult labour and delivery C) lack of nourishment from breast milk D) overdue delivery Answer: A Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 415 Skill: Factual 45) The rooting reflex refers to a newborn's tendency to A) open the mouth to seek food when touched on the cheek. B) close the eyes when startled by loud noises. C) cry when approached by unfamiliar people. D) stand up and attempt to walk when placed on the knees. Answer: A Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 416 Skill: Factual 46) Infant reflexes are A) innate involuntary behaviour patterns. B) voluntary behaviour patterns. C) learned. D) not used as a means for survival. Answer: A Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 416 Skill: Factual 47) Allison is a new mother, and notices that when she gently touches her daughter’s cheek, she opens her mouth and tries to suck on Allison’s finger. This reflex is called the A) sucking reflex. B) rooting reflex. C) babkin reflex. D) moro reflex. Answer: B Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 416 Skill: Applied 48) _______________ is learned through trial and error, whereas _______________ is a reflexive behaviour. A) Grasping; rooting B) Walking; grasping C) Crawling; sucking D) Standing; crawling Answer: C Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 416

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Test Item File for Lilienfeld et al, Psychology: From Inquiry to Understanding, Canadian Edition

Skill: Factual 49) Research on children’s development of motor milestones suggests that A) this process is primarily a biological one and reflects innately programmed changes consistent across cultures. B) motor developments are dependent on physical maturation, which is guided by our biological changes. C) motor development is purely an environmental process, and is not limited by physiological constraints. D) while there are physiological limits on development, parenting styles and culture shape the variations in motor development. Answer: D Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 416-417 Skill: Conceptual 50) Which of the following infants is MOST likely to have the fastest motor development? A) An infant born in Peru. B) An infant born in the West Indies. C) An infant born in Northern Canada to an Inuit family. D) An infant born in China. Answer: B Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 417 Skill: Conceptual 51) Researchers who study ___________________ examine how children learn, think, reason, communicate, and remember. A) moral development B) cognitive development C) psychosocial development D) emotional development Answer: B Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 417 Skill: Factual 52) Jean Piaget is best known for his pioneering work in the area of ________ development. A) cognitive B) social C) identity D) psychosocial Answer: A Diff: 2 Type: MC Page R...