Quiz notes PDF

Preview

Summary

Notes for quiz on art history. ...

Description

1. Nicola Pisano, Pisa baptistery pulpit: Father of Giovanni. Annunciation, Nativity, and Adoration of the Shepherds. Classical structure inspired the faces, beards, coiffures, and draperies as well as the bulk and weight of his figures. The Nativity Madonna resembles lid figures on Roman Sarcophagi. Specialized in the carving marble reliefs and ornamentation for large pulpits. Some carried on medieval tradition like trefoil, arches, and columns.

2. Giovanni Pisano, Pistoia baptistery pulpit: (Pg. 403-404) Included Annunciation, Nativity, and Adoration of the Shepherds. The French gothic style played an influence. Arranged the figures loosely and dynamically. They display a nervous agitation, as if moved by spiritual passion. Nicola’s son. Striking contrast to his father’s work. Classical tradition and french gothic contributed to the formation of the distinctive and original art of the 14th century Italy.

3. Giotto Madonna Enthroned: (pg. 407) Naturalism. Influenced by Cimabue. His figures have substance, dimensionality, and bulk. Illusion of shadows. Giotto’s Madonna Enthroned was created for Florence’s Church of the Ognissanti and was painted on the high alter of the church. Mary evokes naturalism with her solid body, bulky substance and dimensionality and her realistic expression and stance. The figures on either side of her show a new level of substance and weight that depicts a naturalistic appeal and a new interpretation of spacing. Mark the end of medieval painting in Italy and the beginning of a new naturalist approach to art.

4. Arena Chapel frescoes: (pg. 14) by Giotto Di Bondone, Italy 1305. Pioneer in pursing a naturalistic, observation. Betrayal of Jesus, Entry into Jerusalem, Last Judgement. Biblical cycle in fresco. 38 framed panels depicting the lives of the virgin, her parents, and Jesus. It was built to expiate the moneylender’s sin of usury. He was a master of composition in Lamentation the rocky slope behind the figures leads the viewers eye towards the head of Mary and the dead Jesus. Displaced from the Byzantine style in Italy. “Early Scientific”. New way of seeing. Turn away from the spiritual world.

5. Cimabue’s Madonna Enthroned: Cimabue was one of the first artists to break away from the Italo-Byzantine style. Pursued new naturalism- observation of the natural world. Gold embellishments but no longer were they merely decorative patterns. They enhance the 3 dimension of the drapery. Deep space. Her throne is massive. Overlapping bodies create a sense of depth. Cimabue created the virgin Mary to have a more flat feel. She is slender and hidden by her garments. The figures on either side of her are enveloped and show less dimension and weight, yet still depict a revolutionary way of spacing. Abandoning of elaborate and decorative patterns. Instead, Cimabue incorporates three-dimensional drapes

and space between figures that was not common in the Byzantine style. Mary’s throne is another example of naturalism with it’s bulk and spacial mass.

6. Sienese tradition in painting: (Page 411) A greater emphasis on human experience and perceptions. Expanding the range of gesture and emotion, and by embroidering their narratives with anecdotal details. Siena and Florence were the most powerful. Lots of commissions and grants. They believed the Virgin Mary had brought them victory over the Florentines in the battle of Montreperti in 1260... she w - Duccio: represents Sienese art at its most supreme. His most famous work was the Maesta (Virgin Enthroned in Majesty) -Pietro Lorenzetti: Italian, active c. 1306 - probably 1348, Madonna and Child with Saint Mary Magdalene and Saint Catherine [middle panel], c. 1330/1340, tempera on panel transferred to canvas. Contributed to the general experiments in pictorial realism. Spacial Illusion. -Gentile da Fabriano: Italian, c. 1370 - 1427, Madonna and Child Enthroned, c. 1420, tempera on panel -Architect Lorenzo Maitani builds the Orvieto Cathedral. -Simone Martini- Painted the Annunciation altarpiece. created for Siena Cathedral and features elegant shapes, radiant color, fluttering line, weightless figures in spaceless setting. -The Palazzo Pubblico- Siena was proud of- the secular center of the community. -Ambrogio Lorenzetti- Painted what was in the Plazzo Pubblico. He also created the Peaceful City painting.

6. Renaissance Humanism:- Expression, emotion, realistic, not flat. Connecting to real people and emotions. -Petrarch (1304 - 1374) has been called the Father of Italian Humanism, and while modern historiography plays down the role of individuals, his contribution was large. - The Birth of Venus - David

- Madonna with Child

-School of Athens -Creation of Adam

7. Maniera Greca: Italian for greek manner or style, the Italo-Byzantine painting style of the 13th century. Saint Francis Altarpiece by Bonaventura Berlingheiri

8. Mendicant order: (Pg. 404) Medieval Europe, friers belonging to the Franciscan and Dominican orders, who renounced all worldly goods, lived by contributions of laypersons (beggars) and devoted themselves to preaching, teaching, and doing good works. - Saint Frances Altarpiece by Bonaventura. Painted in the Italo-Byzantine style or maniera greca for the mendicant begging order of the Franciscans. Confraternities- organizations consisting of laypersons who dedicated themselves to strict religious observance.

9. Tempera paint: Tempera was used for panel painting until it was overshadowed by the new technique of oil painting. The colors are dulled compared to the colors in oils but they show an amount of smoothness and beauty that is soft on the eyes and still show amazing detail. Dry pigments are made usable by “tempering” them with a binding and adhesive vehicle. - La Primavera by Botticelli

-Birth of Venus by Botticelli

10. Fresco painting: is a technique of mural painting executed upon freshly-laid, or wet lime plaster. Water is used as the vehicle for the pigment to merge with the plaster, and with the setting of the plaster, the painting becomes an integral part of the wall. Realistic movements and three-dimensionality. Emotional expression and depth. -The School of Athens by Raphael

-Madonna of the Meadow) by Raphael

-The Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci

-The Creation of Adam by Michelangelo

-Tribute Money by Maccacio

- The Lamentation of Christ by Giotto di Bondone

11. Flanders: (Pg. 422) The combination of the religious and secular. Acute observation of nature, symbolism in realistic disguise, depiction of spatial depth and landscape backgrounds, and delicate precision of brushwork. The achievements in symbolism and realism of Robert Campin and the Van Eycks, who mastered the technique of oil painting in the first third of the century, were continued in the second third by Roger van der Weyden, Dieric Bouts, and Petrus Christus. These artists refined the depiction of psychological expression, landscape, and space. In the last third of the 15th cent. Hugo van der Goes and Hieronymus Bosch were especially sensitive to complex emotional expression and fantastic subject matter. * It is located in Belgium in the center of Europe. -Claus Sluter -Jan van Eyck -Melchior Broederlam -Giovanni Arnolfini -Rogier can der Weyden Later Flemish Artists: - Petrus Christus - Dirk Bouts - Hugo Van Der Goes - Hans Memling 12. Jan van Eyck: Clarity of detail in their representation of objects ranging from large to almost invisible. He was the first Netherlandish painter to achieve international fame. Court painter for Philip the Good. Flemish artist. Innovative in oils. - Ghent Altarpiece: one of the largest of it’s time. Color that defies reproduction. Extreme detail. - Man in the Turban: Significant portrait one of the first. - Portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini and his Wife 1434 - The Crucifixion, The Last Judgment - Christ on the cross between Mary and John - Last Judgment 1420-25 - The Arnolfini Marriage Portrait - Margaret Van Eyck portrait - Madonna of Chancellor Rolin.

13. Rogier van der Weyden: (Pg. 544) Known for dynamic compositions stressing human actin and drama. Christian themes. Dynamic, human actions, powerful emotions. - Deposition: (Triptych) resembles a relief carving in which the biblical figures act out a drama of passionate sorrow as if on a shallow theatrical stage. Emotional expression. - Saint Luke Drawing in the Virgin: Used a silverpoint (sharp stylus that creates a fine line.) Portrait painter. 14. Polyptych: (Page 538) An altarpiece composed of more than three sections. Hinged multi paneled paintings or multiple carved relief panels. The hinges enable the clergy to close the polyptych's side wings over the central panels. Exterior and interior decorated. Provided the opportunity to construct narratives through a sequence of images, somewhat as in manuscript illustration. Wings were probably closed on regular days and open on sunday or feast days. Diverse imaginary at various times according to the liturgical calendar. - Retable de Champmol by Melchior Broederlam: oil painting represents the three-dimensional world on a two dimensional surface. Gold background and flat halos recall medieval pictorial conventions. - Ghent Altarpiece by Jan Van Eyck. Popular in Flemish churches, usually included a donor portrait. (page 540) (polyptych) - Last Judgement Altarpiece by Van Der Weyden (polyptych) - Portinari Altarpiece by Hugo Van Goes: Tempera and oil on wood. Awarded major commission. Realistic details and human character. (triptych: three panels) - Virgin with the Saints and Angels, Saint John Altarpiece by Hans Memling: Oil on wood. Rich tapestries, realistic and detailed. (polyptych) - Death and the Assumption of the Virgin by Veit Stross: sculpted and painted. Figural and ornamental element. Gothic to heighten emotion and the sacred event. (polyptych) - The Mérode Altarpiece by Robert Campin. Oil on wood. Pg. 422. (triptych)

16. The Mérode Altarpiece: Robert Campin. Oil on wood. Pg. 422. (triptych) Merode Altarpiece set an annunciation in a flemish merchant’s home- objects in painting has symbolic meaning. Cityscape seen in the background. Locale of the biblical event. Innovative. Patrons on the left. Patrons watching the announcement of Virgin’s pregnancy. Joseph is in his workshop unaware of the angels arrival. He’s constructing mousetraps, symbols of theological concept that Christ is the bait to the trap to catch the devil.

17. Ghent Altarpiece: Jan and Hubert Van Eyck. Popular in Flemish churches, usually included a donor portrait. (page 540) (polyptych) Tempera, Oil, Wood. Saint Bavo Cathedral in Ghent, Belgium. The van Eyck altarpiece consists of twenty four panels of varying sizes and shapes aligned in two rows; twelve panels are visible with the Altarpiece open, and twelve when closed. Redemption of Man, On his head, life without death. On his brow, youth without age. On his right, joy without sadness. On his left, security without fear.

18. Simone Martini important in regard to the International Style (Page 413) He was instrumental in creating the international style. It swept Europe during the late 14th century because it appealed to the aristocratic taste for brilliant colors, lavish costumes, intricate ornamentation, and themes involving splendid processions. The Italian painter Simone Martini (active 1315-1344) created a perfect synthesis of the ideals of the Gothic age: courtly elegance, chivalric pageantry, civic pride, poetic fantasy, and vivid description. *Burgundy (page 536) is located in France and is significant because flanders was not independent but controled of the duke of Burgundy. *Chartreuse (page 537) It means charter house and is a monastery. Philips generous payment at Champmol was the sole funding for an ambitious artistic program. *An illuminated manuscript is a manuscript in which the text is supplemented with such decoration as initials, borders (marginalia) and miniature illustrations. *book of hours (in the Christian Church) a book containing the prayers or offices to be said at the canonical hours of the day, particularly popular in the Middle Ages. Baptistery Competition reliefs- (page 561) a competition held to make bronze doors for the east portal of the Baptistery of San Giovanni. Particularly prestigious because the east entrance to the baptistery faced the cathedra. Quality and showed several key elements associated with mature renaissance art. development of new pictorial illusionism. Filippo Brunelleschi and Lorenzo Ghiberti were the finalists. Ghiberti wins because of style and technically. Four Crowned Saints: Includes four martyred patron saints of Florence’s sculptors guild is an early example of Renaissance artists attempt to liberate statuary from its Architectural setting. Contrapposto: is an Italian term that means counterpose. It is used in the visual arts to describe a human figure standing with most of its weight on one foot so that its shoulders and arms twist off-axis from the hips and legs.

Linear perspective is a depth cue that is related to both relative size and the next depth cue, texture gradient. In linear perspective parallel lines that recede into the distance appear to get closer together or converge. !

! Condottieri: the leaders of the professional military free companies (or mercenaries) contracted by the Italian city-states and the Papacy from the late Middle Ages and throughout the Renaissance. Sfumato is one of the four canonical painting modes of the Renaissance (the other three being Cangiante, Chiaroscuro, and Unione). Sfumato comes from the Italian "sfumare", “to tone down” or “to evaporate like smoke”. Disegno, from the Italian word for drawing or design, carries a more complex meaning in art, involving both the ability to make the drawing and the intellectual capacity to invent the design. School of Athens (page 606) painted in Vatican Palace Rome. It was of Philosophers and scientists....