Revision Quiz for Mazur Textbook - Learning and Behaviour (Chapter 3) PDF

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CHAPTER 3 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING 1. In classical conditioning, the stimulus that initially elicits no response is the a. CS c. US b. CR d. UR Page(s): 49-50 Type: factual Answer: a 2. In salivary conditioning, salivation is a. the unconditioned response b. the conditioned response c. both a and b d. neither a nor b Page(s): 49-50 Type: factual Answer: c 3. In a conditioned suppression procedure, the indication that a subject has associated CS and US is a. an increase in responding when the CS comes on b. a decrease in responding when the CS comes on c. an increase in responding when the US comes on d. a decrease in responding when the US comes on Page(s): 51 Type: factual Answer: b 4. To measure the amount of conditioning in the conditioned suppression procedure, the rat's response rate in the presence of the CS is compared to a. the rat's response rate just before the CS is presented b. the rat's response rate in the presence of the US c. the rat's response rate just after the CS is presented d. the response rate of a control subject that is not presented with the CS Page(s): 51 Type: factual Answer: a 5. In eyeblink conditioning, a puff of air to the eye is the a. CS c. US b. CR d. UR Page(s): 50-51 Type: factual Answer: c 6. In taste-aversion learning, a novel taste is often used as the a. CS c. US b. CR d. UR Page(s): 52 Type: factual Answer: a 7. Classical conditioning using the skin conductance response is usually done with a. rabbits c. monkeys b. rats d. humans Page(s): 51-52 Type: factual Answer: d

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8. A problem with stimulus substitution theory is that a. the CR sometimes has components that the UR does not b. the UR sometimes has components that the CR does not c. both a and b d. neither a nor b Page(s): 52-53 Type: conceptual Answer: c 9. In salivary conditioning, dogs will often orient toward the CS. This phenomenon is a. evidence against a strict interpretation of stimulus substitution theory b. evidence supporting a strict interpretation of stimulus substitution theory c. only observed after many conditioning trials d. evidence for S-S associations Page(s): 53 Type: conceptual Answer: a 10. Experiments on US devaluation and US revaluation suggest that _____ associations are formed in typical classical conditioning with a CS and US. a. context-US b. context-CS c. S-S d. S-R Page(s): 54-55 Type: factual Answer: c 11. In classical conditioning, the intensity of the US affects a. the rate of acquisition b. the asymptote of conditioning c. both a and b d. neither a nor b Page(s): 56 Type: factual Answer: c 12. The phenomenon of disinhibition provides one type of evidence that a. the intensity of the US affects the rate of conditioning b. extinction does not result in the complete elimination of a conditioned response c. conditioned responses often generalize to similar stimuli d. the temporal relationship between CS and US is important Page(s): 58 Type: conceptual Answer: b 13. Pavlov's theory of spontaneous recovery includes the assumption that newly learned associations a. are more durable than older associations b. are more fragile than older associations c. replace older associations d. none of the above Page(s): 57-58 Type: conceptual Answer: b 14. If a novel stimulus is presented shortly before the occurrence of a CS that has just undergone extinction, the CR is likely to reappear. This phenomenon is known as a. spontaneous recovery c. disinhibition b. external inhibition d. summation Page(s): 58 Type: factual Answer: c

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15. If a person develops a taste aversion to shellfish because she got ill after eating some. If she also shows an aversion to other seafood, this is a. generalization c. spontaneous recovery b. discrimination d. conditioned inhibition Page(s): 60-61 Type: applied Answer: a 16. The retardation test is one method for demonstrating that a stimulus a. is a CS+ c. is a US b. is a CSd. is a compound CS Page(s): 59-60 Type: conceptual Answer: b 17. The amount of excitatory conditioning is greatest in a. simultaneous conditioning b. short-delay conditioning c. long-delay conditioning d. backward conditioning Page(s): 61-62 Type: conceptual Answer: b 18. Inhibitory conditioning is most likely to result from a. simultaneous conditioning b. short-delay conditioning c. long-delay conditioning d. backward conditioning Page(s): 62-63 Type: conceptual Answer: d 19. The Associationists' principle of contiguity has trouble explaining the comparison between a. short-delay conditioning and long-delay conditioning b. short-delay conditioning and simultaneous conditioning c. both a and b d. neither a nor b Page(s): 62 Type: conceptual Answer: b 20. If the probability of a shock in a conditioned suppression procedure is 20% in the presence of a tone and 40% in the absence of the tone, the tone will probably a. remain neutral c. become a CS+ b. undergo habituation d. become a CSPage(s): 64 Type: conceptual Answer: d 21. If some pictures are paired with positive adjectives and other pictures of faces with negative adjectives, a person may start to like the first set of faces and dislike the second. This is an example of a. generalization b. rapid reacquisition c. evaluative conditioning d. disinhibition Page(s): 65-66 Type: applied Answer: c

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22. Taste aversions are a. not long-lasting b. formed only after many CS-US pairings c. not limited to poisonous foods d. both b and c but not a Page(s): 64 Type: conceptual Answer: c 23. Suppose a child is knocked down by a large dog and develops a fear of the dog. Later the child frequently sees this dog in front of a neighbor’s house, and develops a fear of the neighbor’s house. This example illustrates a. second-order conditioning b. generalization c. discrimination d. spontaneous recovery Page(s): 64-65 Type: applied Answer: d 24. Studies on classical conditioning of the immune system have shown that a. a neutral stimulus can become a CS that weakens immune system activity b. a neutral stimulus can become a CS that strengthens immune system activity c. presentation of a CS can increase the activity of natural killer cells d. all of the above Page(s): 67-68 Type: factual Answer: d 25. Of the following, which is usually not involved when systematic desensitization is used to treat a phobia? a. an emetic b. progressive relaxation c. fear hierarchy d. imagination Page(s): 69-70 Type: factual Answer: a 26. In aversive counterconditioning treatment for alcoholism, the taste of alcohol is a. the US c. both a and b b. the CS d. neither a nor b Page(s): 70-71 Type: conceptual Answer: b 27. Aversive counterconditioning has been used to treat all of the following except a. smoking c. sexual deviations b. nocturnal enuresis d. alcoholism Page(s): 70-72 Type: factual Answer: b 28. In the classical-conditioning treatment of nocturnal enuresis, the sound of the buzzer or alarm is a. the US c. the UR b. the CS d. the CR Page(s): 72 Type: conceptual Answer: a

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Short Essay Questions 29. Describe one commonly used classical conditioning preparation, and identify the US, UR, CS, and CR. Pages 50-52. 30. Discuss some of the problems with Pavlov's stimulus substitution theory of classical conditioning. Pages 52-53. 31. Describe an experiment that was designed to distinguish between the S-S and S-R theories of classical conditioning, and discuss the results. Pages 54-55. 32. Describe two phenomena that show that extinction does not result in the permanent elimination of a conditioned response. Pages 57-59. 33. Define spontaneous recovery, and describe Pavlov's theory about why it occurs. Pages 57-58. 34. Describe a good method for making a stimulus a conditioned inhibitor. Discuss one method for determining whether the stimulus has in fact become a conditioned inhibitor. Pages 59-60. 35. Distinguish between the procedures of trace conditioning and long-delay conditioning, and discuss the results usually obtained with these two procedures. Pages 61-62. 36. Explain the temporal coding hypothesis of conditioning, and give some data that support the theory. Page 63. 37. Explain how it is possible to arrange different correlations between a CS and a US in a classical conditioning experiment. What are the effects of using different CS-US correlations? Pages 63-64. 38. What is "evaluative conditioning"? Give a concrete example of how it works. Pages 65-66. 39. Define second-order conditioning and give an example. Page 65. 40. Describe one experiment on how classical conditioning can used to affect the activity of the immune system. Explain how this phenomenon might be used to assist medical patients. Pages 67-68. 41. Briefly describe the main features of systematic desensitization, and explain how the effectiveness of this procedure can be explained with the principles of classical conditioning. Pages 69-70. 42. Describe how aversive counterconditioning is used as a treatment for alcoholism. What are the US, UR, CS, and CR in this procedure? Pages 70-72. 43. Explain the classical conditioning treatment for nocturnal enuresis. What are the US, UR, CS, and CR? Page 72.

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