Science, Technology, and Society - Topic for Midterms Summary Module PDF

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UNIT 1: GENERAL CONCEPTS AND STS HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN WHICH SOCIAL CONSIDERATIONS CHANGED THE COURSE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

SCIENCE FOUR MEANINGS OF SCIENCE ◦ Science as Knowledge ◦ Science as Field of Systematc Inquiry into Nature ◦ Science as a Form of Human Cultural Actvity ◦ Science as a Total Societal Enterprise

Science – systematic, organized knowledge or study of the natural world based on facts learned through experiments and observation

TECHNOLOGY ◦Technology – some people regard it as simply applied science. THE MEANINGS OF TECHNOLOGY ◦Technology as Technics – material artifacts ◦Technology as technology ◦Technology as a form of Human Cultural Activity ◦Technology as Total Societal Enterprise ◦Technology and Science as Forms of Activity SOCIETY ◦Society - large group of people who live together in an organized way.

Interrelationship and Dynamics between the three: A Continuing Process

IMPORTANCE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY SCIENCE ◦ Combating Irrationality ◦ Preeminent Source of Cognitive Authority

TECNOLOGY ◦ Sustaining the Private Corporation ◦ Source of Personal Identity ◦ Social Integration and Stratification • Work • Contemporary Society • Understanding • A new field of Study

Ethical Dilemmas, and Social and Cultural Roles ◦Ethical Dilemmas: The ethical conflicts posed by science and technology-based dilemmas requires careful analysis. ◦Social and Cultural: less evident but no less important ground of the social importance of science and technology in the contemporary era lies in several influential social and cultural roles that these forces have assumed or positioned.

THE ORIGIN OF STS STUDIES ◦ The relationship between science, technology and society go back for many centuries. ◦ Pre-History ◦ Ancient times (Sumerian, Babylonian, Egyptian, Greek, Persian, Roman, Arabic, Chinese, and Indu-Hindu) ◦ Medieval Times ◦ Modern Times

PREHISTORY A. Stone Age ✓Old Stone Age – Paleolithic Period ✓New Stone Age – Neolithic Period ◦ The most advanced parts of the Middle East and Southeast Asia, it ended about 6,000 B.C. ◦ It began when human beings first arrived in the New World

ANCIENT TIMES ◦ Transportation – for food and better locations for settlements ◦ Communication and Record-keeping ◦ Weapons and Armors – For survival and alliances ◦ Primary challenge: Conservation of life – illnesses and diseases, both natural and man-made. ◦ Architecture, Engineering Sumerian Civilization - Sumeria is located on the Southernmost tip of ancient Mesopotamia. Cuneiform, Uruk City, The Great Ziggurat of Ur, Irrigation and Dikes, Sailboats, wheel, the plow, and roads Babylonian Civilization - It emerged near the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Babylonians were great builders, engineers and architects, and mathematician. One of their major contributions is the hanging gardens of Babylon, one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. Egyptian Civilization - North Africa. Papyrus, ink, hieroglyphics, cosmetics, wig, and clepsydra Greek Civilization - Greece is an archipelago in the southeastern part of Europe. Known as the birthplace of western philosophy, some of the major achievements of the Greeks include in-depth works on philosophy and mathematics. Alarm clocks and water mill Greek Civilization Persian Civilization Roman Civilization - The Roman Empire was perceived to be the strongest political and social entity in the west, but they are perceived as “Poor in Science”. It was considered to be the cradle of politics and governance during that period. ◦Newspaper, Codex, ROMAN ARCHITECTURE, ROMAN NUMERALS Roman Civilization Arabic Civilization - Arabs – the inhabitants of Arabia which is situated in South Eastern Asia. Muhammad (57-632 A.D) – who is the founder of Islam, the religion of Muslims. The Arabs’ mathematical system that made astronomical calculations possible was based on their synthesis of Greek mathematics and Indian notations. Chinese Civilization - The Chinese civilization is considered to be the oldest civilization in Asia, if not the world. It was famous among other ancient civilizations because of its silk trade. Tea, Great Wall of China, Gun Powder Chinese Civilization 1. Shang Dynasty 4.Han Dynasty 2. Chou Dynasty

5.Sung Dynasty

3.Chi’n Dynasty

6.Tang Dynasty

Indus-Hindu Civilization - Aryans – the dominant people in Northern India. Traditional Indian medication had varieties of herbal remedies and drugs which the West discovered and used later. ◦ Hindu – Arabic Numerals – early Indian mathematics. Mathematical concepts transmitted by the Muslims and Arabs to the Medieval West such as: Negative and positive qualities, Quadratic equation, and Implications of zero and infinity Medieval/Middle Ages - The start of the middle ages were marred by massive invasions and migrations. Wars were prevalent during this time. Trade and commerce among nations increased, which resulted in greater demands for transportation technology. Printing Press, Microscope, telescope, war weapons

SCIENCE AND MODERN SCIENCE ◦ Scientific Revolution Modern Times - The booming world population during the nineteenth century onwards demanded that more goods be produced at a faster rate. People needed efficient means of transportation to trade more goods and cover a larger distance. Pasteurization, Petroleum Refinery, Telephone, Calculator

Paradigm Shift ◦While STS is a unification of three fields (science, technology, and society), the unification actually experiences paradigm shifting. Consider the following infographic that shows how in a span of about 50 years, technology has great evolved, causing impact on the development of social businesses. A Brief Overview Of the Current State of the STS Field ◦The first STS courses and programs appeared on the academic horizon in the late 1960’s. ◦STS activity is not limited to the academic world. Various branches of government agencies in the executive and legislative branches in the U.S.A. do policy research on issues involving science and technology in society. ◦Arnaldo P. Mosteiro, 2nd edition (2006)

STS in the Philippines: Can Philippine Science Evolve and Progress? ◦“The Filipino has his own unique technological potential that, when given support and the right environment with the corresponding atmosphere of freedom, he or she can produce inventive ideas, products and processes in an exceptional manner on a par with international standards.”

◦Fluorescent lamp, videophone, the moon buggy, pontoon bridge, floating power tiller, mighty mite, the sing along system, super lubricant

TOP 10 GREATEST SCIENTISTS WHO CHANGED THE WORLD BY NAMAN BISTA • Myths to reality out of curiosity around the world. • The present picture of the world that we see would not have transformed without the contribution of these great personalities. #10 ARISTOTLE 384 - 322 BC • Collections to the plant and animal specimens and classified them according to their characteristics which made a standard for future work #9 ARCHIMEDES 287 - 212 BC • Regarded as the greatest mathematician ever • “Give me a place to stand and I can move the whole world” • Even though most of his work were burned in the museum of Alexandria, the remnants gave enough ideas for modern day science and technology. #8 GALILEO 1564 - 1642 AD • ‘Father of modern science’ because of his discoveries in astronomy and physics. He proved what Copernicus said about sun being the center of the solar system. #7 MICHAEL FARADAY 1791 – 1867 • He developed a fascination with science and particularly in electricity after he studied lot of serious academic works during his days. #6 THOMAS ALVA EDISON 1847 – 1931 • “The Wizard of the Menlo Park”. Excelled as both scientist and inventor, Edison patented a whopping total of 1,093 inventions in his lifetime. • “Genius is one percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration”. #5 MARIA SALOMEA SKLODOWSKA CURIE 1867 – 1934 • Marie Curie holds record for the first female to be awarded with a Nobel Prize. She is also called “the mother of atom bomb” with her invention of the radioactive materials. She invented the first mobile X-ray machine which helped to check the injured soldiers in the battlefield. #4 LOUIS PASTEUR 1822 – 1895

• He explained about biogenesis and proposed a theory named as the “Germ Theory”. He also created a process of toning and treating milk free from the damage causing microbes to what he called “Pasteurization”. Pasteur is also regarded as the first man on earth to ever discover cure for puerperal fever and make the vaccines for rabies and anthrax.

#3 SIR ISAAC NEWTON 1643 – 1727 • Best known for his law on gravitation #2 ALBERT EINSTEIN 1879 – 1955 • The “Man of Century” has some spectacular works in physics which even makes him the father of modern physics for his contribution in developing the general theory of relativity. #1 NIKOLA TESLA 1856 – 1943 • Most of his ideas and inventions were either copied, stolen, or taken by somebody else.

CONCLUSION • The advancement of human civilization is possible just because of enormous contribution made by scientists throughout the course of time. • With practical advantages in engineering, medicine, and technology, they have helped us to grow better understanding about the world and different working phenomenon that governs us. Their way of shaping the modern-day culture is completely unrivaled. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY LET US RECALL: MIDDLE AGE • In the Middle Ages all scientific and philosophical expression was monitored extensively by the Church. These alleged truths were produced by Biblical study and the widely accepted Aristotelian system, which became official Church doctrine. (THALES, PTOLEMY, Four Elements) RENAISSANCE PERIOD • New interest sparked in reference to the physical world. This focus on the investigation of reality naturally began to create questions regarding the accepted Aristotelian norms.

• The Protestant Reformation, begun by Martin Luther in 1517, radically transformed the theological and political landscape of Europe. • Indeed, a large faction broke away from the Church, in doing so breaking free from the restriction of intellectual progress. WHAT IS AN INTELLECTUAL OR SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION (1550-1700) • The term "Intellectual Revolution" is used to refer to Greek speculation about the "nature" in the period before Socrates • “Pre Socratic" or "non-theological" or "first philosophy“ era. • 18th century is an era marked by questioning of traditional dogmas/values. • There are three characteristic features of this form of speculation. 1. The world is a natural whole (that is, supernatural forces do not make things 'happen’) 2. There is a natural 'order' (that is, there are 'laws of nature’). 3. Humans can 'discover' those laws.

HOW DO INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS DEFINE/TRANSFORM SOCIETIES? • No bias, no prejudice and brave enough to transform our society with a goal to try to make our world a less messy place to live in. • Social Responsibility to apply their knowledge to shape, and protect, social standards and values. INTELLECTUAL (SCIENTIFIC) REVOLUTIONS • The earliest of these thinkers lived in Ionia, on the western coast of modern Turkey, in the town of Miletus. • The Ionians were concerned with two issues: 1. What is the underlying and primary 'substance’? 2. How can one explain change and transformation, given that what we perceive derives from one substance? • It was also Heraclitus who defined this entity with his term "Logos" or 'rational principle’. He articulates one of the most important problem of philosophy and of science: As everything is in the process of change, how can one know anything for certain? The statement is the foundation of 'epistemology', the study of knowledge. The most recent and significant formulation of the problem is the Heisenberg Principle (devised by the Nobel prize winning physicist of the 1930s). • Pythagoras and his followers perceived that the ultimate reality (arché) was not something material, but in number.

• Socrates - methods of the intellectual revolution will be applied to the study human behavior and social values.

THE INTELLECTUAL (SCIENTIFIC) REVOLUTIONS MOST KNOWN IN HISTORY

COPERNICAN This caused the paradigm shift of how the earth and sun were placed in the heavens/universe. It is the idea that rejected Ptolemaic model (earth is the center of the solar system) and proved the heliocentric model (Sun is the center of the solar system having the earth revolving around it. DARWINIAN This has brought a great impact on how people approach Biology forever. This revolution provided a different than the "theory of Creation". The Darwinian revolution started when Charles Darwin published his book "The Origin of Species" which emphasized that humans are the result of an evolution. FREUDIAN • This theory started to revolutionize Psychiatry with Sigmund Freud. This includes the "Freudian Theory of Personality" which states that human development contributes to personality and also to "psychoanalysis" that is the process for achieving proper functioning if a person does not complete his/her developmental stage. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

INFORMATION • This was the era which technology has been prevalent. It is also known as the Computer Age that has brought so much change on how we are living today MESO-AMERICAN • It has contributed a lot of ideas or discoveries for Archaeology. The temples and pyramids left a lot about of Architecture that leads us to study more of it.

ASIAN • The revolution itself taught Asian countries about freedom and independent nationhood along the improvement brought by it internally. MIDDLE EAST • The revolutions in the Middle East were a product of the development and growth of individual nationalism, imperialism, for the efforts to westernize and modernize Middle Eastern societies, and to push the declining power of the Ottoman Empire in the Arab region. AFRICAN • The fight against colonialism and imperialism in Africa. • “The world is a dangerous place, not because of those who do evil, but because of those who look on and do nothing.” • Societies all around the world are still striving hard to achieve a progressive humanity. Intellectual revolutions that define society are the intellectual revolutions that defined or changed societal information that we access in the past, present, and future, as well as cherish. Together with the responsibility to awaken society, intellectuals need to be constantly aware of their own shortcomings because they are also human; no one is perfect. However, their flaws that limit their understanding might also damage society. Revolutions of intellectual people must be progressive too so that it can always offer effective contributions to improve our societies in meaningful ways. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AND NATION-BUILDING

LET US RECALL: • WHAT IS Science and technology (S&T) Throughout history, S&T drive the progress of human civilization. They induce economic growth and social development, thus playing a significant role in nation-building. • According to Stephenson (2005), nation building is all about the process of unifying. NATION-BUILDING People within a state so that that the state remains politically stable and economically viable. According to Mylonas in 2019, Nation-building is intertwined with the processes of: • Industrialization is the process by which an agrarian based economy is transformed from one based on the manufacturing of goods through factory system and industries. • Urbanization on the other hand is defined as the process through which society is transformed from one that is predominantly rural in economy to one that is mainly urban.

• Social mobilization is an important process that allows people and communities to collectively think and act upon their development.

GOALS OF NATION-BUILDING • To make a country’s economy firm, viable, stable, and prosperous • Encourage a strong sense of national identity • Create effective social institution COMPONENTS OF NATION-BUILDING • According to Stephenson 2005, the following are the main components of nation building: • Economic development • Social Development • Political Development • Institutional Development

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT • Economic development has been defined as the process whereby simple, lowincome national economies are transformed into modern industrial economies. Economic development is sometimes used as a synonym for economic growth (Myint and Krueger, 2016). SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT • Social development is about uplifting the well-being of every individual in the society so they can reach their full potential. The success of society is related to the wellbeing of its citizen (Government of New Brunswick, 2009). S&T have been the solutions to human needs and have provided the engine to propel social improvement. (Li and Piachaud, 2018). S&T have been used by poor people to cut their way out of poverty. POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT • Political development has been defined as an increase in national political unity, political participation, and political stability. According to Neureiter (2003) pointed out that the integration of S&T in politics revolves in the provision of science-based policies and regulations. Science-based policies have been seen to have viable and sustainable impacts to society. INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT • Institutional development refers to the processes that improve the capacity of a social institutions (e.g. health, education, religion) to achieve its goals and objectives.

• Over the years, the delivery of services by social institutions have greatly improved through S&T.

S&T AND SECTORAL DEVELOPMENT The progress in S&T have created profound beneficial impacts to all aspects and sectors of a nation. The following are key sectors that have greatly benefited from the breakthroughs of S&T: • Energy Sector

• Agriculture Sector

• Fisheries Sector

• Communication Sector

• Transportation Sector • Military Sector • Education Sector

• Health Sector

ENERGY SECTOR - The use of new technologies such as solar panel, wind turbines and generators have improved the way human harnesses renewable energy. AGRICULTURE SECTOR - With the used of technologically produced farm machineries such as tractors and harvesters, farmers can efficiently produce more with less manpower, aiming increased yield while using lesser inputs. FISHERIES SECTOR - Technological innovations offer an opportunity to improve fisheries management practices. Technology also empowers small scale fishers generating information not just on fisheries but on markets, which allows them to make better business decisions. COMMUNICATION SECTOR- Modern communication has made instant using emails, social medias, phones and video calls. The used of wireless signals, satellites, undersea cables, and other advanced technology have guaranteed the instant delivery of messages and other forms of data to any locations (Prajapati, 2020). TRANSPORTATION SECTOR -With the use of modern technologies, people can now get to more destinations more efficiently and quickly. The used of automated buses and trains aids in saving manpower and in managing the ageing population in some cities (Tan, 2018). MILITARY SECTOR - Information technology, artificial intelligence and sensors have the potential to vividly improve all aspects of future military capabilities. Modeling and simulation have already made major contributions to training, readiness, weapons design, and acquisition management. Together, these technologies can significantly redu...