Social Power, Types of Power, Zimbardo prison experiment, Robert Cave experiment PDF

Preview

Summary

SOCIAL POWER❖ The ability of one person (or group) to get others to do his or her will, also known as social power, has long been of interest to social psychologists. ❖ Perhaps this is because so much of human interaction involves the change or the attempt to change the beliefs, attitudes, or behavi...

Description

SOCIAL POWER ❖ The ability of one person (or group) to get others to do his or her will, also known as social power, has long been of interest to social psychologists. ❖ Perhaps this is because so much of human interaction involves the change or the attempt to change the beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors of another. The types of social power are as follows: ❖ Informational : This type is the ability to rationally persuade someone. ❖ Expert : This social power is similar to informational power except that arguments are not necessary because the target trusts the influencing agent. ❖ Referent; The referent type is based on the target’s identifying and liking the influencing agent and, because of this, wanting to comply with his or her requests. ❖ Coercive power: This type involves threat of punishment. These can be things such as monetary fines (impersonal) or simply personal disapproval (personal). ❖ Reward power : This social power type stems from the ability of the influencing agent to grant some kind of reward, either impersonal or personal. ❖ Legitimate power: Based on what general society typically expects of us, this includes (a) the formal legitimate (or position) norm, which is the right to ask for something based simply on position or job title. (b) the reciprocity norm, whereby if someone does something for you, you owe him or her the favour in return. (c) the equity norm, the idea that one is expected to help others receive what they deserve, for example, if you work hard, you should get rewarded; and (d) social responsibility (or dependence), whereby people are obligated to help

0

0

those who depend on them. ➢ Psychological Reactance ❖ A normal, expected motivational drive to regain a lost or threatened freedom a person had assumed would be available to him/her. ❖ The magnitude of the reactance depends on: 1. The importance of the lost/threatened freedom to the person 2. The presence of an implied threat to other freedoms 3. The strength of the person's assumption that this freedom would be available to him/her 4. The proportion of freedoms threatened/lost versus those available to the person ➢ De-individuation ❖ De-individuation is the situation where anti-normative behavior is released in groups in which individuals are not seen or paid attention to as individuals. ❖ Simply put, deindividuation is immersion in a group to the point of which the individual ceases to be seen as such. ➢ Zimbardo Prison experiment ❖ Zimbardo and his colleagues also carried out what became a landmark experiment, the Stanford Prison Experiment, in which student participants were deindividuated as prisoners or prison guards in a simulated prison setting at Stanford University. ❖ The students in the position of guards were physically brutal to the students who were deindividuated as prisoners, so much so that the experiment had to be terminated early. ❖ Subjects played either prisoners or guards. Prisoners were arrested, fingerprinted, dressed, and referred to by number. Guards were dressed and given control over prisoners. ❖ Subjects became their roles in action, thought and feeling. ➢ Ingroup Bias

0

0

❖ The group definition of who you are your race, religion, gender, academic major—implies a definition of who you are not. ❖ The circle that includes "us" (the ingroup) excludes "them" (the outgroup) ❖ Thus, a mere experience of being formed into groups may promote ingroup bias. ❖ Due to human quest for a positive self-concept Characterizing Intergroup Bias ❖ Stereotypes: beliefs about attributes that are thought to be characteristic of members of particular groups ❖ Prejudice: a negative attitude or affective response toward a certain group and its individual members ❖ Discrimination: unfair treatment of members of a particular group based on their membership in that group ➢ Sources of Prejudice ❖ Social Sources ➢ Unequal Status ➢ Social Identity ❖ Cognitive Sources ➢ Stereotypes ➢ Perceived Similarities and Differences ➢ Illusory Correlation ❖ Unequal Status realistic conflict theory ➢ direct competition between groups over valued resources (jobs, schools) ➢ Robber's Cave Experiment ➢ Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis ➢ The Robbers Cave experiment

0

0

❖ Sherif showed interest in finding out what led people within a society to become prejudiced towards others. ❖ He believed that it could be because groups within society were competing for scarce resources. ❖ To test his hypothesis he designed an experiment, which he conducted on teenage boys at a summer camp. ➢ Social Identity ❖ social categorization- divide world into in-group ("us") and out-group ("them") ❖ in-group bias- view own group more favourably ➢ Categorization • One way we simplify our environment is to categorize—to organize the world by clustering objects into groups. • Perceived similarities and differences. ➢ Distinctiveness • Distinctive people and vivid or extreme occurrences often draw attention and distort judgment. • We define people by their most distinctive traits and behaviors ➢ Discrimination • Negative behaviors directed toward members of some social group subtle forms: ➢ tokenism- perform trivial actions for minorities ➢ reverse discrimination- leaning over backwards to treat targets of prejudice favourably ➢ "modern" racism Characterizing Intergroup Bias 1. Modern Racism and Sexism

0

0

Modern racism : prejudice directed at other racial groups that exists alongside rejection of explicitly racist beliefs Benevolent Racism and Sexism 2. Measures to Assess True Attitudes a. Implicit Association Test (IAT) - technique for revealing unconscious prejudices toward particular groups. b. Priming and Implicit Prejudice -Priming : procedure used to increase the accessibility of a concept or schema (for example, a stereotype)

0

0...