Study Guide EVR2001 Exam 1 PDF

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EVR 2001...

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Study Guide EVR2001 Exam 1 The test is 40 multiple-choice questions. The test draws material only from the slide presentations (Weeks 1-3). You need to use both the text and lectures for all the exams after this week. First Lecture: Slides 24-56 

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Know the scientific method. I will ask questions about it on every exam so learn it now. o Questions & observations, forming hypotheses that are testable, observations and experimentation, defining variables/data collection/ redefining, statistically testing hypotheses to determine results, conclusion. What is a hypothesis and what is a theory? o Hypothesis- Universal propositions that suggest explanations for some observed ecological situation. – Boitani and fuller, 2000 o Theories are comprehensive explanations. A generalization based on many observations and experiments o Theory vs. hypothesis  Scope, acceptance, and predictive power Know what content goes in each section of a scientific paper. o Title, authors, abstract, introduction, materials and methods, results, discussion, summary and conclusion Know the order of each section of a scientific paper and the order for writing each section. o Order of writing: materials and methods, results, literature search, discussion, introduction, abstract and title, and revise and proofread. Know how to use scientific names.

Second Lecture: Slides 1-39 

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How and when did environmental awareness start in the US? o Started about 60 years ago, with the publication of Rachel Carson’s book silent spring. o Know about Rachel Carson (PBS just put out a documentary on her and her book). o Explained that no such town existed, but that all of the problems she described had already happened somewhere, and that there was the very real danger that “…this imagined tragedy may easily become a stark reality we all shall know.” o Published her book in 1962, during an era when pesticides and herbicides were sprayed widely on the landscape to control pests in agricultural crops, forests, towns, and cities. o In Silent Spring, Carson was particularly critical of the widespread spraying of DDT. What is the Environmentalist’s Paradox and how was it tested? o Over the past 40 years, human well-being has improved, but natural ecosystems that provide us with goods and services have declined. o To explain, the authors advanced four hypothesis  The measurements of human well-being are flawed; it is actually declining

Food production, a crucial ecosystem service that has been enhanced, outweighs the effects of declines in other ecosystem service.  Human technology, such as irrigation and synthetic fertilizers, makes us less dependent on ecosystem services.  There is a time lag between ecosystem decline and human well-being; the worst is yet to come. What is an ecosystem and ecosystem service? o Ecosystem service—ecosystem goods and services represent the benefits human populations derive, directly or indirectly, from ecosystem functions. o Ecosystem—water, all of our food, much of our fuel, wood for lumber and paper, leather, furs, raw materials for fabrics, oils and alcohols, and much more. What is the background on climate change and the recent decline in biodiversity. o Loss of critical ecosystem. o For the past decade , the level of atmospheric CO2 has increased by 2 ppm per year, and given our dependency on fossil fuels. o Biodiversity-- The rapidly growing human population, with its increasing appetite for food, water, timber, fiber, and fuel, is accelerating the conversion of forests, grasslands, and wetlands to agriculture and urban developments. 

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Third Lecture: Slides 1-26 

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Know Newton’s Laws o Objects in motion tend to stay in motion and objects at rest tend to stay at rest. o Force= mass X acceleration o For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. What is potential vs kinetic energy? o Potential- stores energy. Energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position relative to others, stresses within itself, electric charge, and other factors. o Kinetic— energy that a body possesses by virtue of being in motion. What are the laws of thermodynamics? o Heat and work are forms of energy transfer. o It is impossible to have a cyclic process that converts heat to work and work back to heat. What is heat and how is it transferred? o Is produced by the vibration of molecules or atoms. When they absorb energy, they vibrate faster. o Heat is transferred from the high energy to the lower energy molecule. o Convections—when heat is transferred by movement with a bulk movement of matter. o Conduction—when no matter moves but heat is transferred through contact. o Radiation—when we “feel heat” from a distance source. What is work and torque? o Work= force over distance, energy uses same units. Transfers energy from one object to another.

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o Torque= force X Lever length, Ratio output force to input force. What is electricity and light? o Electricity- electrons moving in substance in the same direction. o Light- electromagnetic energy What did Einstein discover? o Energy and mass are related. E=MC^2

Fourth Lecture: Slides 1- 58  

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What are the subatomic particles? o Protons and neutrons are located in a central area called the nucleus Know all the types of chemical bonds. o Convalent bonding—sharing electrons o Ionic bond—giving/taking electrons o Hydrogen bond—unequal sharing of electrons with hydrogen How is water unique in chemistry? o Only substance in nature that is a solid, liquid, gas at 0 – 100 C. o Highest heat capacity o Thermal expansion o Latent heat of evaporation o Latent Heat of fusion o transparency What is density and thermal expansion? o Density—mass per unit volume or how heavy something is compared to its size. D= m/v o The tendency of matter to change in shape, area, and volume in response to a change in temperature.

Fifth Lecture: Slides 1-78  

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Biology—the study of life. What is cell theory? o 1839 Mathias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann. o All organisms are made of one or more cells o Cell is the fundamental unit of life. What is life? o Complex organization  Cellular organization o Exchanges energy and material with external environment. What is the difference between a prokaryote and eukaryote? o Prokaryote—cells do not have a true nucleus. They have few organelles. Have few organelles, and have no membrane bound organelles.

Eukaryote—cells have a membrane bound nucleus. These are large cells that contain structures called organelles. Know the major parts and functions of a cell. o Plasma membrane—all cells are surrounded. It separates the contents of the cell from its environment and regulates the passage of molecules into and out of the cell. o Cell wall—functions to support and protect the cell. Plants cell walls composed of cellulose. o Nucleus—contains DNA: control center of the cell because DNA contains instructions needed to produce proteins that control metabolism and other cell functions. Form into DNA into chromosomes when divide. o Cytoplasm—is the material enclosed by the plasma membrane, excluding the nucleus. o Ribosomes—read the code in RNA and synthesize proteins. RNA is the pattern for proteins. Usually attached to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum. o Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum—contains passages that appear to be tubular in structure. Outer surfaces does not contain ribosomes so it appears to be smooth. Produces lipids such as steroids. o Golgi Complex—a stack saccules which appear like a stack of pancakes. Chemical reactions within golgi complex modify important molecules.  Proteins complete folding and become functional.  Sorts and packages material into vesicles. o Lysosomes—contain digestive enzymes produced by the Golgi complex. bacteria that are engulfed by white blood cells are destroyed the lysosomes. Sick or damaged cells use lysosomes to kill themselves. In liver cellist is calculated that at least one mitochondria is destroyed every 10 minutes. o Vacuoles—are membranous sacs used to store water and dissolved substances. They are more important in plant cells… the center most plant cells is occupied by a central vacuole. Can be used by algae to control buoyancy. Important to estuarine diatoms. o Chloroplasts—in eukaryotes photosynthesis occurs in. photosynthetic prokaryotes do not have chloroplast. Chloroplast and mitochondria retain their own DNA. o Mitochondria—have an external membrane and an inner membrane with numerous folds called cristae. Cellular respiration occurs on the membrane of the cristae. Amoeba pelomyxa (also known as Chaos), lack mitochondria, having instead endosymbiotic bacteria that perform mitochondrial duties of ATP generation. o Cytoskeleton—a network of protein elements that extend through the cytoplasm that provide structure and allow for movement. There are 3 major types microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments. o Cilia and Flagella—are tiny hair-like structures where a flagella is a whip-like structure. They are made of microtubules and help a cell move. Know how energy cycles through an organism. o Breaking molecular bonds releases energy to do work. o Oxidation—a chemical reaction that loses electrons  Usually accomplished by the addition of oxygen (which causes burning) o Inorganic compounds have low potential energy  So they are nonflammable. o

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Production of organic material represents a gain in potential energy  Breakdown of organic material releases energy. Producers (plants and algae)-- convert low-potential-energy raw materials.  To high-potential-energy organic molecules Chlorophyll in plants absorbs kinetic light energy.  Which powers the production of organic molecules. Green plants use the process of photosynthesis to turn carbon dioxide, water, and light energy into:  Sugar (glucose- contains stored chemical energy)  Oxygen is released as a by-product....