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Module B 1. In sexually reproducing species, the number of chromosomes in a zygote is diploid as a direct result of what 2 processes? The number of chromosomes in a zygote is diploid as a result of mitosis which creates 46 chromosomes. 2. What is the relationship between chromosomes, genes, and nuclei? Chromosome: genetic information bundled into packages of DNA. Gene: sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for specific protein or RNA

molecules. Nuclei: The center of the nucleus which contains the DNA of the cell

3. A polypeptide is made at a ribosome attached to the ER. Trace the pathway it follows to leave the cell.

The polypeptide leaves the cell through facilitated diffusion. The polypeptide moves down its concentration gradient. 4. To produce large tomatoes that are resistant to cracking and splitting, some seed companies use the pollen from one variety of tomato plant to fertilize a different variety of tomato plant. What is this process an example of? This process is an example of artificial selection which can also be known as selective breeding. Artificial selection is when humans choose the best choices on purpose in an environment to reproduce. 5. What is the relationship between cells, DNA, and proteins? Cells contain organelle structures such as DNA and proteins. DNA is found in the nucleus of the cell. Proteins help cells function while DNA codes for cells. 6. What is true of both mitosis and meiosis? Both mitosis and meiosis are types of cell division and both follow duplication of chromosomes. They also both contain prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. 7. What causes an extra chromosome to be present? A duplication mutation causes an extra chromosome to be present. 8. A point mutation occurs during DNA replication; more specifically, a substitution of an A for a T occurs. There is no change in the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide. What type of mutation is this? This type of mutation is known as silent mutation since there is a substitution but the amino acid sequence is not changed. 9. The diagram below represents four different species of bacteria.What species would have the best chance of survival if there was a change in the environment? Why?

Species C would have the best chance of survival if there was a change in the environment since it can adapt easily. 10. These observations can be used to support the concept that behaviors that lead to reproductive success have evolved. 11. The human is born with many different types of cells since of the process of differentiation which creates specialized cells. 12. The extinction of a species is most likely to occur when there isn’t enough space, food, or water. Lots of competition and natural disasters may also cause extinction. 13. The information on the graph can be described by species A emigrating out of the ecosystem while species B immigrated into the ecosystem. Species A could have also had not enough food or water. Species A could have also not had as many adaptations as species B. 14. The process below is known as meiosis and the outcome of meiosis is four haploid cells that are sex cells. 15. The process below is known as crossing over which creates more genetic diversity and can explain why every baby born has diverse physical traits. 16. The phase shown above is prophase 2 in meiosis. 17. Mitosis and meiosis are different since mitosis contains one cell division, creates two daughter cells, creates diploid cells, and does not create sex cells while meiosis contains two cell divisions, creates four daughter cells, creates haploid cells, and creates sex cells. 18. In order for genetic information to contribute to phenotypic expression, transcription, translation, and then DNA replication must occur. 19. DNA- found in the nucleus and carries genetic information Genes- sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for specific protein or RNA molecules. Alleles- one of these forms of a gene. For example, the gene for eye color has several variations (alleles) such as an allele for blue eye color or an allele for brown eyes. Chromosomes-genetic information bundled into packages of DNA. 20. The genotype would represent an AB blood individual if blood type A and blood type B is inherited. 21. This process is known as translation.

22. p= 60 q= 30 r= 20 23. The bat and the moth’s structures are analogous since their structures have similar functions but different common descents....