TB2 Chapter 3- Consciousness and the Two-Track Mind PDF

Preview

Summary

test bank from textbook...

Description

1. A) B) C) D)

2. A) B) C) D)

A) B) C) D)

A) B) C) D)

Behaviorism encouraged psychologists to ignore the study of the visual action track. consciousness. socialization. cortical activation patterns.

The reemergence of psychology's concern 3. with consciousness after 1960 is best illustrated by efforts to define psychology as a behavioral science. demonstrate that humans lack free will. liken consciousness to a car's speedometer. identify the brain activity associated with different mental states.

4. A) B) C) D)

Prior to the twentieth century, psychology was considered to be the study of observable behavior. evolutionary change. consciousness. parallel processing.

Our awareness of ourselves and our environment is called parallel processing. a visual action track. consciousness. dual processing.

The ability to focus his attention on his arm and shoulder movements during his golf 5. swings enabled Jason to learn more effective skills for both chip shots and putting. This best illustrates the value of the cocktail party effect. blindsight. the popout phenomenon. consciousness.

6. A) B) C) D)

The interdisciplinary study of brain activity linked with our mental processes is known as behaviorism. behavior genetics. cognitive neuroscience. neurology.

A) B) C) D)

Professor Rodriguez studies how the activation of specific regions of the brain 7. affects dream content. Her work best illustrates the subfield of personality psychology. behavior genetics. cognitive neuroscience. evolutionary psychology.

A) B) C) D)

When asked to imagine playing tennis, a noncommunicative patient exhibited 8. ________ that was similar to that exhibited by a healthy person. popout blindsight brain activity change blindness

A) B) C) D)

A large amount of our mental activity occurs 9. outside our awareness thanks to our capacity for sequential processing. choice blindness. synchronized activity across the brain. dual processing.

The two-track mind operates on two levels. A conscious “high road” is said to be________. 10. An unconscious “low road” is said to be ________.

A) B) C) D)

automatic and intuitive; deliberate and reflective deliberate and reflective; automatic and intuitive automatic and reflective; deliberate and intuitive deliberate and intuitive; automatic and reflective

A) B) C) D)

Mark's decision to hire a particular job applicant was simultaneously influenced by unconscious feelings about the applicant's 11. physical appearance and by a conscious consideration of the applicant's reported work history. This best illustrates the impact of blindsight. dual processing. change blindness. the popout phenomenon.

A) B) C) D)

A person is able to accurately point to the current location of certain moving objects that 12. she is unable to consciously see. This best illustrates inattentional blindness. the popout phenomenon. selective attention. blindsight.

A) B) C) D)

Damage to the brain's visual perception track without any damage to the brain's visual 13. action track is associated with a condition known as selective attention. blindsight. parallel processing. change blindness.

A) B) C) D)

The experience of blindsight in certain people who have suffered brain damage best 14. illustrates the importance of our normal human capacity for change blindness. dual processing. inattentional blindness. selective attention.

A) B) C) D)

About one-third of a second before participants in one study decided to move 15. their wrists, their ________ indicated a readiness potential to move. fMRI scans eye movements brain-wave activity finger movements

A) B) C) D)

Parallel processing tends to be both ________ 16. and ________ conscious than sequential processing. slower; less faster; more slower; more faster; less

A) B) C) D)

Simultaneously assessing the taste, texture, 17. and temperature of food in your mouth best illustrates blindsight. the popout phenomenon. parallel processing. the cocktail party effect.

18. A) B) C)

Unconscious information processing is more likely than conscious processing to occur slowly. be limited in capacity. contribute to effective problem solving.

process many aspects of a problem simultaneously.

D)

19. A) B) C) D)

Consciousness is most important for the correct performance of behaviors that depend on information processing. require physical coordination skills. have been learned through repeated practice. are novel and challenging.

A) B) C) D)

You suddenly become conscious that your own nose is in your line of vision when this is 20. pointed out to you. This best illustrates the impact of the popout phenomenon. change blindness. blindsight. selective attention.

A) B) C) D)

Felix was so preoccupied with his girlfriend's good looks that he failed to perceive any of 21. her less admirable characteristics. This best illustrates an unfortunate consequence of sequential processing. selective attention. blindsight. change blindness.

22. A) B) C) D)

A) B)

The ability to pay attention to only one voice at a time is called dual processing. change blindness. the popout phenomenon. the cocktail party effect.

23. Selective attention is best illustrated by blindsight. parallel processing.

C) D)

a visual action track. the cocktail party effect.

A) B) C) D)

Because she was listening to the news on the radio, Mrs. Schultz didn't perceive a word her 24. husband was saying. Her experience best illustrates change blindness. blindsight. dual processing. the cocktail party effect.

A) B) C) D)

Long-haul truck drivers are at a much-greater25. than-normal risk of a collision if texting while driving. This best illustrates the impact of the popout phenomenon. blindsight. selective attention. the cocktail party effect.

A) B) C) D)

A) B)

26. Inattentional blindness refers to the loss of self-awareness when one is mentally absorbed in a challenging task. a condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it. failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere. the simultaneous processing of information on separate conscious and unconscious tracks.

Standing in the checkout line at the grocery store, Jerry was concentrating on answering a text. As a result, he failed to see that a store 27. employee was being robbed by a person just in front of him. Jerry most clearly experienced the cocktail party effect. inattentional blindness.

C) D)

blindsight. the popout phenomenon.

28. A) B) C) D)

29. A) B) C) D)

Inattentional blindness is best described as a by-product of blindsight. sequential processing. selective attention. a visual action track.

Failing to notice changes in our immediate surroundings is called the cocktail party effect. the popout phenomenon. dual processing. change blindness.

A) B) C) D)

When Jason briefly turned to summon the waiter, his wife quickly switched her glass of 30. red wine with his glass of white wine. Jason's failure to notice that his chosen wine had been replaced best illustrates the popout phenomenon. parallel processing. change blindness. sequential processing.

A) B) C) D)

The only smiling face in a crowd of anxiouslooking people may be so strikingly distinct 31. that people cannot help but notice it. This best illustrates dual processing. blindsight. the cocktail party effect. the popout phenomenon.

32. Sleep is best defined as

a pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly 24-hour cycle. a periodic natural loss of consciousness that involves distinct stages. a state of hibernation or general anesthesia. episodes of fast and jerky eye movements accompanied by frequent muscle spasms.

A) B) C) D)

33. A) B) C) D)

A) B) C) D)

The pattern of biological functioning that 34. occurs on a roughly 24-hour cycle is called the REM rebound. circadian rhythm. alpha wave pattern. hypnagogic sensation.

35. A) B) C) D)

Research on sleep and dreaming fails to confirm that the use of sleeping pills reduces REM sleep. increased genital arousal accompanies dreaming regardless of whether the dream's content is sexual. when dreaming of performing an activity, our limbs move in concert with the dream. NREM-3 sleep periods become shorter as we progress through a full night of sleep.

The impact of circadian rhythms is best illustrated by the differing musical preferences of younger and older persons. fluctuations in energy level and alertness across the span of a day. the different study habits of men and women. the different personalities of people born during different months of the year.

36. Human body temperatures typically

A) B) C) D)

rise with the approach of morning and fall with the approach of night. rise with the approach of night and fall with the approach of morning. rise with the approach of NREM-1 sleep and fall with the approach of REM sleep. rise with the approach of REM sleep and fall with the approach of NREM-1 sleep.

A) B) C) D)

Thinking is sharpest and memory is most 37. accurate when people are at their daily peak in melatonin secretion. circadian arousal. REM rebound. hypnagogic sensations.

A) B) C) D)

Cindi prefers to take exams in the late afternoon rather than during the morning, because her energy level and ability to 38. concentrate are better at that time. Her experience most likely reflects the influence of the REM rebound. menstrual cycle. circadian rhythm. hypnagogic state.

A) B) C) D)

Women become increasingly morningoriented “larks” as they have children and 39. also as they transition to menopause. This best illustrates that age and experience can alter our hypnagogic sensations. circadian rhythm. NREM-2 sleep. REM rebound.

40. When people are experiencing vivid dreams

their bodies often move in accordance with what they dream. their eyes are likely to move under their closed eyelids. they are more likely to emit sleep spindles than during any other stage of sleep. their slow brain-wave patterns indicate that they are deeply asleep.

A) B) C) D)

41. A) B) C) D)

During NREM-1 sleep, people may experience fantastic images that resemble delta waves. hallucinations. latent content. sleep spindles.

A) B) C) D)

42. NREM-1 sleep is likely to be associated with genital arousal. delta waves. night terrors. hypnagogic sensations.

A) B) C) D)

At the very onset of sleep, Melanie experienced pressure on her body followed by 43. a feeling that she was falling. Her experience best illustrates narcolepsy. REM rebound. night terrors. hypnagogic sensations.

44. A) B) C) D)

Sleep spindles are characteristic of ________ sleep. NREM-1 NREM-2 NREM-3 REM

45. A) B) C) D)

46. A) B) C) D)

47. A) B) C) D)

48. A) B) C) D)

A) B) C) D)

The large, slow brain waves associated with NREM-3 sleep are called alpha waves. beta waves. sleep spindles. delta waves.

Which of the following is most likely to be associated with slow-wave sleep? bed-wetting sleep spindles hallucinations genital arousal

Compared with alpha and beta waves, delta waves are slower and smaller. faster and larger. slower and larger. faster and smaller.

NREM-2 sleep is to ________ as NREM-3 sleep is to ________. alpha waves; sleep spindles sleep spindles; delta waves delta waves; alpha waves alpha waves; rapid eye movements

After Carlos had been asleep for about an hour and a half, his heart began to beat faster, 49. his breathing became fast and irregular, and his closed eyes began to dart back and forth. Carlos was most likely experiencing NREM-3 sleep. sleep apnea. narcolepsy. REM sleep.

50. A) B) C) D)

51. A) B) C) D)

52. A) B) C) D)

A) B) C) D)

A) B) C)

Which of the following typically occur(s) during REM sleep? night terrors genital arousal bed-wetting muscular tension

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of REM sleep? Heart and breathing rates increase. The eyes move rapidly under closed lids. Brain waves become more rapid. Voluntary muscles tense and become more active.

Paradoxical sleep is to slow-wave sleep as ________ sleep is to ________ sleep. NREM-1; REM REM; NREM-2 NREM-2; REM REM; NREM-3

In a typical full night of sleep, young adults 53. spend the greatest amount of time (about 50%) in NREM-1 sleep. NREM-2 sleep. NREM-3 sleep. REM sleep.

Feli is a young adult who has been asleep for 54. three hours. As he continues to sleep, we can expect that NREM-2 sleep will diminish and that NREM-1 sleep will increase in duration. NREM-3 sleep will diminish and that NREM-1 sleep will increase in duration. NREM-3 sleep will diminish and that REM sleep will increase in duration.

D)

A) B) C) D)

REM sleep will diminish and that NREM-3 sleep will increase in duration.

Margie insists that she never dreams, but her roommate feels she can prove otherwise. To 55. prove that Margie does dream, the roommate should feed Margie lots of rich food just before bedtime. make an all-night audio recording of the sounds Margie makes while sleeping. wake Margie after she has been asleep for about 5 minutes and ask her what she's dreaming. wake Margie after 5 minutes of REM sleep and ask her what she's dreaming.

D)

56. Research on sleep patterns indicates that older adults and newborns have very similar sleep patterns. different sleep patterns reflect differences in latent dream content. everyone needs a minimum of 8 hours of sleep per night to function well. sleep patterns are genetically influenced.

A) B) C) D)

Thanks to modern lighting and social media diversions, many adults who would have gone 57. to bed at 9:00 P.M. a century ago are now up until 11:00 P.M. or later. This best illustrates the impact of ________ on sleep patterns. cognitive development culture high waking metabolism latent content

A) B) C)

The suprachiasmatic nucleus is a pair of cell 58. clusters in the ________ that controls circadian rhythm.

A) B) C) D)

pineal gland brainstem motor cortex hypothalamus

59. A) B) C) D)

Which of the following is a sleep-inducing hormone? epinephrine serotonin norepinephrine melatonin

A) B) C) D)

Humans continuously exposed to bright light 60. are most likely to experience a disruption of their narcolepsy. sleep apnea. alpha waves. circadian rhythm.

A) B) C) D)

When light strikes the retina, it signals the 61. suprachiasmatic nucleus to suppress the production of ________by the pineal gland. melatonin serotonin acetylcholine dopamine

A) B) C) D)

After four years of working nights, Raymond now works days. His present difficulty in 62. getting to sleep at night is most likely due to a disruption of his normal circadian rhythm. hypnagogic sensations. alpha wave pattern. sleep apnea.

A) B) C) D)

Animals with the ________ need to graze and 63. the ________ ability to hide from danger tend to sleep less. most; most least; least most; least least; most

64. A) B) C) D)

65. A) B) C) D)

66. A) B) C) D)

67. A) B) C) D)

Studies of mice show that sleep aids in the removal of ________ from brain tissues. leptin serotonin melatonin metabolic waste products

Among older adults, more frequently disrupted sleep also disrupts memory consolidation. REM rebound. the production of free radicals. night terrors.

After completing a full night of sleep, people are most likely to experience REM rebound. think more creatively. show signs of sleep apnea. demonstrate apathy and loss of energy.

Slow-wave sleep appears to play an important role in the production of free radicals. hypnagogic sensations. REM rebound. the human growth hormone.

A) B) C) D)

Production of the human growth hormone necessary for muscle development is 68. ________ by slow-wave sleep, which occurs mostly in the ________ half of a long night's sleep. inhibited; first facilitated; first inhibited; second facilitated; second

A) B) C) D)

Neural connections supporting “muscle 69. memories” learned while practicing tennis are strengthened by hypnagogic sensations. neuroadaptation. blindsight. REM sleep.

A) B) C) D)

Kevin needs to remember what he learned in 70. today's classes. His memory of the material is most likely to be facilitated by REM sleep. hypnagogic sensations. EEG recordings. sleep apnea.

A) B) C) D)

Pushing back school start times has been 71. found to ________ adolescent mood states and ________ adolescent alertness. impair; improve improve; impair impair; impair improve; improve

A) B)

When allowed to sleep 9 hours a night on a 72. regular basis, college students are most likely to experience REM rebound. study more effectively.

C) D)

show signs of sleep apnea. demonstrate apathy and loss of energy.

A) B) C) D)

73. Chronic sleep debt is most likely to promote sleep apnea. weight gain. insomnia. night terrors.

A) B) C) D)

Sleep deprivation ________ levels of the 74. hormone ghrelin and _______ levels of the hormone leptin. increases; increases decreases; decreases increases; decreases decreases; increases

75. A) B) C) D)

Sleep deprivation increases levels of the stress hormone cortisol. melatonin. leptin. serotonin.

A) B) C) D)

Terry has not had a decent night's sleep in over a week. If this sleep deprivation 76. continues, he will become increasingly susceptible to viral infections. sleep apnea. insomnia. night terrors.

A) B)

One study found that driving accident rates 77. were higher among Virginia 16- to 18-yearolds whose metabolic rates were higher than average. father or mother suffered from sleep apnea.

C) D)

cortisol levels were lower than average. high school classes started early in the day.

A) B) C) D)

An increase in accident rates following the 78. change to “daylight savings” time best illustrates the dangers of narcolepsy. sleep apnea. REM rebound. sleep deprivation.

A) B) C) D)

A) B) C) D)

A) B) C)

Eighty-year-old Mrs. West feels she has trouble falling asleep at night. She typically 79. gets about 6 or 7 hours of sleep every 24 hours. What should she do about this? take a sleeping pill every night sleep with the bedroom lights on drink an alcoholic beverage before bedtime relax and remind herself that her sleep patterns are normal

80. Insomnia is a disorder involving the excessive use of sleeping pills or other drugs that induce sleep. recurring difficulty in falling or staying asleep. the cessation of breathing during sleep. uncontrollable attacks of overwhelming sleepiness.

To cure his insomnia, Mr. Ming takes a 81. sleeping pil...