Tenses - hulpvol overzicht van hoe je de engelse werkwoordstijden moet vormen PDF

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hulpvol overzicht van hoe je de engelse werkwoordstijden moet vormen...

Description

TENSES SIMPLE

CONTINUOUS

PERFECT

PERFECT CONTINUOUS

PRESENT Subject + present verb

past Subject + past verb

Subject + am/is/are + verb -ING Subject + have/has + PP Subject + have/has been + verb -ING

Subject + was/were + verb -ING Subject + had + PP Subject + had been + verb -ING

FUTURE Subject + will + verb Subject + will be + verb -ING Subject + will have + PP Subject + will have been + verb -ING

Present simple – ‘I work’ Present continuous – ‘I am working’ Facts Actions happening at moment of speaking Routines and habits Actions happening around time of speaking Normal state verbs State verbs that show changing situation State verbs with different meaning according to tense e.g. What do you? / What are you doing? Instructions Actions that continue for some time Newspaper headlines Repeated actions which cause irritation Performative verbs Performative verbs Expressions with inversion Colloquial narrative and commentary e.g. A man enters a bar to find it empty. He is looking for the barkeeper when suddenly… Past simple ‘I worked’

Past continuous ‘I was working’

Completed events in the past

Continuing unfinished action in past Continuing unfinished action interrupted by sudden past action

In narrative

Past routines and habits Very recent events without time

In conditionals and with ‘it’s time’

Past perfect Past perfect cont. simple ‘I had been ‘I had worked’ working’ Events in the past that happened before other events in the past Finished events that happened before another event in the past

Unfinished, recently finished or continuing events before another event in the past

Activities as background description Two continuing events happening at same time in past

Used to do - ‘I used to work’ Habits and states in past, contrast with present

Some same uses as present continuous but in past

Would - ‘I would work’ A person’s habitual activity, not with state verbs (more literary)

Present perfect – ‘I have worked’ Events connected to the present Indefinite events that happened in unknown time in past, often recent and can be up to the present Indefinite past with result in present Things that have been done in a period of time Things that have been done in life so far Repeated action in a period of time up to the present Will ‘I will work’ Immediate or spontaneous decision Factual predictions Assumption based on facts

Habits the speaker disapproves of Offers, refusals

Be going to ‘I’m going to work’ Plans and intentions

Possible event with evidence Decisions about the future

Present perfect continuous – ‘I have been working’ Recent continuing activities, up to the present Present situation

Emphasize length of continuing activity Emphasize repetition of continuing activity With ‘how long’, ‘mean, ‘think’, ‘consider’, ‘lately’, ‘recently’, ‘all’, ‘every’, ‘for’, etc. With verbs such as ‘sit’, ‘stay’, ‘wait’

Present simple ‘I work’ Fixed future event

Present continuous ‘I am working’ Fixed arrangement

Timetables

Future continuous Event or state at future point Events already arranged for future date Very formal requests Future perfect Predictions Time looked back on from future point Expression of an assumption Others Past form: events ‘be to, ‘be about to’, ‘be on the point of’, ‘be which were supposed to happen due to’ ‘as soon as’, ‘until’, etc. but didn’t ‘hope, ‘expect’, ‘think’, ‘believe’, ‘doubt whether’

Hearsay report Present verb, present reference Present verb, past reference Past verb, reference to time of reporting Past verb, reference before time of reporting Continuous forms Passive infinitives Passive participles

e.g. She is said to be ill at the moment e.g. You are believed to have cheated e.g. Yesterday I was told to wait in line e.g. Mr. Smith is thought to have taken the car by mistake e.g. She is believed to be lying to the jury e.g. They are said to have been lost e.g. He remembered saying that

Tense Present simple Present continuous Future

Past simple Past continuous Present perfect Modal

Active Voice

Passive = be + past participle A committee chooses the The winner is chosen by a winner committee They are presenting an An award is being award now presented now (by them) They will pick the best The best film will be picked film (by them) They are going to pick The best film is going to be the best film picked (by them) I announced the winner’s The winner’s name was name announced (by me) We were interviewing the The winner were being winners interviewed (by us) You have chosen the The best option has been chosen (by you) best option Everyone can see the The film can be seen on film on TV TV (by everyone)

Have something done Get something done Causative have – service performed for Replacement of have for present cont. us and past simple in everyday speech e.g. I had my hair cut a week ago e.g. I got my hair cut a week ago Causative have – unfortunate event Meaning of ‘manage’ e.g. She had her keys stolen e.g. I got the TV to work again Make someone do something e.g. I got her to give me her notes / I had her give me her notes With –ing for orders e.g. Get studying Expressions e.g. The burglar got arrested First conditional If + present simple will Real situation

Second conditional If + past simple would Imaginary situation, rather impossible or unlikely Would can be replaced Present simple can be replaced by other options, by other modals and so can ‘will’ (cf. book) If clauses with will - to describe possible results of offer - with ‘insist on’ as meaning - polite request (‘would’ too)

Third conditional If + past perfect would have + participle Imaginary past situation, impossible Would have can be replaced by other modals

Wishes about present, cf. 2nd conditional Wishes about past, cf. 3rd conditional Wishes about future, with ‘hope’ Wishes with would(n’t) ‘Would rather/sooner’ and ‘would prefer’ - express choice - what you would like someone to (not) do ‘It’s time’ + unreal past ‘As if/as though’ - real comparisons - unreal comparisons

e.g. I wish I knew what to do e.g. I wish I’d taken a coat with me e.g. I hope I’ll find an interesting job e.g. I wish you wouldn’t go e.g. I would rather go swimming e.g. I would prefer it if you didn’t do that

e.g. It’s time I took out the trash e.g. It seems as though you are not enjoying yourself e.g. She acts as if she were my boss

Must Have to Should/ought to ‘I must work’ ‘I have to work’ ‘I should work’ Necessary action; must = more personal Recommendation – have to = more impersonal Orders

Rules

Right thing to do

Description of duties Strong recommendation

More emphasis

Correct/incorrect

Informal ‘have got to’

Formal form of ‘must’

Emphasize intention Formal questions

Spoken questions

Others ‘Had better (not)’ Recommendation, right thing to do Should have’ Mistake ‘Be to’ Formal ‘must’ ‘Need (to)’ Similar to ‘have to’ ‘Didn’t need to’ Past unnecessary thing, not done ‘Needn’t have’ Past unnecessary thing, done

Negative ‘mustn’t’ = not allowed

Negative ‘don’t have to’ = not necessary Past = had to, didn’t have to

‘Be able to / can’ = emphasis on difficulty overcome Tense of ‘be able to’ = if can/could is impossible or to make the description of ability more definite ‘Was / were able to’ = having the ability and doing something successfully -> ‘could’ instead of ‘was / were able to’ for unfulfilled possibility -> both meanings possible for ‘couldn’t’ ‘Could’ = general past ability

e.g. Sue has lost both her legs, but she can walk again thanks to robotic legs e.g. I’ll be able to finish tomorrow

e.g. Ellen was able to win the singing contest e.g. She could win the singing contest, but she decided not to participate.

e.g. John could play tennis really well as a child.

Can Could ‘I can work’ ‘I could work’ Questions about possibility

Might May ‘I might work’ ‘I may work’ When there is no reason for not doing something, disappointment with ‘as well’ Negative form with not for negative Past possible situations possibilities Possibility in particular situations, often with be Emphasis on possibility with ‘just’ or ‘well’ For possible events in the past with ‘have’ Annoyance when someone fails to do something with ‘have’ Emphasis on possibility with ‘easily’ Possible choice or decision with ‘always’ When we think something is impossible Others: with ‘hardly’ - ‘Must be’ when certain something is Certainty about impossibility (negative true use) - ‘Must have’ when certain something in the past was true Certainty about the answer with ‘only’ ‘Can’t have done’ / ‘couldn’t have done’ - ‘Be bound to’, ‘be sure to’, ‘be certain to’ to describe a future event which we - certainty about impossibility in past are sure will happen - emphasis on what we can’t believe -‘Should’, ‘ought to’ to describe with ‘surely’ something which is probably true or - certainty something wasn’t true failed to happen

Can ‘I can work’

Could ‘I could work’ Requests Ask for permission

Make an offer

Make a suggestion Negative form = not allowed = emphasis on something unbelievable + be + ing = when you wonder what is happening

Negative form = it doesn’t matter to me = comparative for emphasis Emphasis on feelings

Surprises

Might May ‘I might work’ ‘I may work’ Formal ‘try as I / you’ Emphatic form of Polite requests ‘perhaps I’ll do that’ Annoyance about ‘Be that as it may’ bad habit meaning perhaps it is true but.. Emphatic form of ‘although you are’ Negative form with not for negative possibilities

Others:

‘Shall’ - for an offer - to ask for advice when uncertain - formal legal language

‘Shouldn’t have done’, ‘needn’t have done’ to express gratitude for gifts ‘Will‘ or ‘won’t’ - assertion about a result, offer or agreement, promise, threat ‘need doing’ for what should be done Habitual activity in the past, not with state verbs Annoying behavior now that is typical Later future events in narrative, reported form of will Unspoken if-clause

e.g. Every morning, I’d drink a cup of coffee e.g. You would do that! e.g. On the study trip he met the man who would later become his boss

e.g. How would you feel about moving to Spain? Being willing e.g. Only a real fan would stand in line for so long to get an autograph Past refusal e.g. She was angry because I wouldn’t go with her to the party Polite requests, more distanced/formal e.g. Would it be alright if I come half an hour later? ‘Would imagine, think, hope, suppose e.g. I would imagine that she might (+ person) + might’ when speaker is have a hard time adjusting to the not entirely certain what another situation person feels, does, etc. ‘Would expect’, ‘would hope’ + toe.g. I’d hope to pass all my exams this infinitive when you hope that you year would do something I’d like, I’d prefer - ‘would like’, ‘would prefer’ refer to e.g. I’d like a coke now immediate situations - ‘like’ and ‘prefer’ refer to general e.g. I prefer a full English breakfast states e.g. I’d prefer it if you didn’t talk while - ‘we would prefer it if’ + unreal past to eating say what you want to happen ‘Wouldn’t you like to know’ to refuse to e.g. How much did you pay for that? give someone information Wouldn’t you like to know!

INDIRECT SPEECH General rule: Past tense reporting verb + backshift tenses or modals to past + change references to time/place/people/etc. Opinion words (‘believe’, ‘think’) as reporting verb: negative opinion verb for negative statements + no backshifting Things happening now, give message, etc.: present tense reporting verb + no backshifting Facts and states: past tense reporting verb + no backshifting state ‘Shall’ in requests changes to ‘should’, ‘shall’ as future changes to ‘would’ ‘Would’, ‘should’, ‘ought to’, ‘could’, ‘might’, ‘used to’ remain unchanged ‘Must’ remains unchanged, or is changed to ‘had to’, or ‘would have to’ for future First conditionals usually backshift, second and third conditionals don’t General rule reported yes/no questions: if/whether + no inversion + backshift General rule reported wh-questions: wh-term +no inversion + backshift General rule reported imperatives: ‘tell’ for orders, ‘ask’ for requests + to-inf

e.g. I’m not sure what he’ll be doing here tomorrow -> He/she said he/she was not sure what he would be doing there the day after e.g. This isn’t fun -> I don’t think this is fun e.g. She’ll be late -> He/she says she’ll be late e.g. Tigers are good hunters -> He told us tigers are good hunters e.g. Shall we leave sooner? -> He/She asked if we should leave sooner e.g. You could be right -> He/She mentioned I could be right e.g. You must close the door -> He/She told me to close the door e.g. If it rains, we’ll have to wear a coat -> He/she remarked that if it rained, we’d have to wear a coat e.g. Do you like dogs? -> He/she asked me if I liked dogs e.g. What does she want? -> He/she asked me what she wanted e.g. Please leave -> They asked me to leave...