Test2LAB12to19 objec - Lecture notes 6 PDF

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TEST 2 - STUDY OBJECTIVES ( see also bones list ) LAB BOOK Lab 12 –Bone structure and classification 1--List five (or six) ways bone are classified by shape. Give an example of each. 2—Draw a long bone and the major 12-13 structures. (See lab list). 3—Compare spongy and compact bone.

Lab 13- Organization of the Skeleton 1 -- Locate and label major bones of skeleton. 2- Compare bones list for axial and appendicular skeleton, including where they MEET (four places). 3-Learn at least one bone for each TERM used to describe bones (spine, trochanter, meatus, fissure, etc.) Lab 14 –Skull 1 – Learn all major skull bones (locate them) and the features of some of them (see list) 2- Locate and label major sutures of cranium 3-Locate 4 sinuses of skull (L and R sides count as one). Lab 15- Vertebral column 1- - Identify the structures and functions of the vertebral column. 2- - Locate the features of a vertebra. 3- - Distinguish the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae and the sacrum and coccyx. 4- - Identify the structures and functions of the thoracic cage. 5- - Distinguish between true and false ribs. Lab 16 Pectoral [shoulder] Girdle and Upper Limb 1- Locate and identify the bones of the pectoral [shoulder] girdle and their major features.

2- Locate and identify the bones of the upper limb and their major features. Lab 17 Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb 1- Locate and identify the bones of the pelvic girdle and their major features. 2-Differentiate a male and female pelvis. 3-Locate and identify the bones of the lower limb and their major features. Lab 18 Fetal Skeleton P. 102-103 Locate and describe the function of the fontanels of a fetal skull. P. 102-103 a. Measure and/or compare the size of the cranial bones and the facial bones between a fetal skull and the adult skull. Lab 19 Joint Structure and Movements 1- Distinguish structural features among fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial joints.

2- Distinguish functional characteristics of synarthroses, amphiarthroses, and diarthroses.

3- Locate examples of each type of structural and functional joint. 4- Examine the structure and types of movements that occur at these joints: shoulder, elbow (two), hip, and knee.

5- Identify the types of movements that occur at synovial joints, including the “knuckles” and the thumb’s “saddle joint.” Which bones meet at that saddle joint? Textbook QUESTIONS: Mostly Ch. 7: (whatever the lab book seemed not to cover) 1). Are bones dead or living tissue? 2). What are the components of the skeletal system besides the bones of the skeleton? 3). What is spongy bone? What is compact bone? 4). Where/when do we have HYALINE cartilage? 5). List three places we have FIBROCARTILAGE, and whether it “makes sense,” or matches the “structural purpose”(function) of this structural type of cartilage. 6). Compare LIGAMENTS to TENDONS

7). PURPLE is FIBRO-CARTILAGE and BLUE is HYALINE CARTILAGE: Knee has BOTH. In knee, which is ‘closer to the bones?” See Textbook or powerpoint’s Figure 7.1 8). Skeletal system: Bone—List General Functions: 9). Name 4 macroscopic shapes in Classification of Bones 10). Are all long bones “long?” 11). Which type of bone often appears square or BOX-like bones? 12). Sesamoid bones are traditionally considered a 5th type of bone, but our textbook calls them ____________ bones. Name the bone example: ______ 13). Are flat bones (3rd of major four categories of bone shapes) always just “simply flat?” 14). Bones which do not exactly fit as long, short or flat are called_____________ 15). What are the 5th and 6th types of bones largely ignored by our textbook? 16). Draw a “typical” long bone (preferably a real one) and label all the parts in figure 7.3a 17). Write down definitions of at least 12 parts. (Periosteum, endosteum, diaphysis, nutrient artery, red bone marrow, yellow bone marrow, etc.) 18). Attachment site for tendons, collagen-rich perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers, sensitive, and “dense irregular connective tissue,” best describes the __________________________ 19). The endosteum contains ____________, ______________, and __________. 20). Which one of those three can “dissolve” the bone, when stimulated by P.T.H.? 21). Do other bones (besides long bones) feature both compact and spongy bone? 22). Figure 7.4, can you identify the SPONGY BONE? 23). Is the blood supply to bone good? 24). Name three different small or large blood vessels supplying (any) bone. 25). Do bones hurt when they break? Why/why not? 26). Where is red bone marrow found in the adult skeleton?

27). Are bone marrow transplant possible? 28). Which 4 cells are legitimately called BONE CELLS? 29). What is mesenchyme, and what is their relation to osteoprogenitor cells? 30). Osteoprogenitor cells become which cell? 31). What do osteoblasts do, compare to osteocytes? 32). What do osteoclasts do? Which hormone(s) “turn them on?” 33). What is the Composition of the Bone Matrix (Also see lab book p. 112). 34). Name some factors which affect bone health. 35). What is due to “disruption” between osteoclast and osteoblast function, and results in bone deformity and pain? 36). Recognize, define and spell all the parts on a bone OSTEON model: RECOGNIZE THESE ON PLASTIC MODEL: Figure 7.7a 37). Define and recognize trabeculae, and the type of bone it makes up. 38). What is the function of an osteoblast? An osteoclast? 39). What organic substances compose bone matrix? What inorganic substances? 40). Hyaline Cartilage is found where on bones? It has a high percentage of__? 41). Hyaline Cartilage: name the cell that maintains the cartilage matrix. 42). What cells secrete the cartilage matrix? What cells maintain the matrix? 43). Cartilage Growth is due to cells which do what activity? _______ 44). Cartilage Growth is thanks to which type of cell? ___________ 45). Cartilage Growth does slow down? 46). New cartilage growth stops? 47). Where does interstitial growth of cartilage occur? Appositional growth?

48). Bone Formation: Define OSSIFICATION. 49). Intramembranous Ossification forms which bones? (See lab 18, too). 50). Endochondral Ossification—define it, and list bones made by this style of ossification. 51). Recognize primary and secondary ossification centers. 52). Does the Endochondral Ossification process continue into puberty? 53). When do we ‘stop getting taller?’ (Do boys or girls usually stop growing first?) 54). In what portion of a long bone do primary ossification centers form? Secondary ossification centers? 55). Now that we covered that, what is at least one difference between the two types of ossification? 56). Do bones grow in length or width? 57). Explain how CARTILAGE “turns into” BONE. Does it really…or is there an invasion? 58). Forensic Anthropology: Can be used to help determine age of skeletal remains? 59). Appositional Growth: Explain the key features of growth in bone width. 60). What is the term for bone growth in width? For bone growth in length? 61). What is Achondroplastic Dwarfism? 62). What is bone remodeling? 63). Mechanical stress can affect bone strength? 64). BONE MASS goes UP or DOWN? 65). List hormones and other factors that affect bone health, growth and remodeling. 66). What hormone stimulates the liver to produce somatomedin, causing cartilage proliferation at the epiphyseal plate? 67). What organs are involved in activating vitamin D3 to calcitriol? 68). Compare CALITRIOL to PTH. 69). Is calcitonin the same as calcitriol? How are they different?

70). How does calcitonin work on bone connective tissue and the kidneys to regulate blood calcium levels? 71). List two ways aging affects bone 72). Define osteopenia 73). Define osteoporosis 74). List two ways aging affects bone 75). What causes osteoporosis? 76). Why do bones break? 77). List a few type of fractures, and which take longer to heal. 78). List and describe four steps in the healing of a broken bone....