Theories of Personality 9Th Edition By J PDF

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Sample Test Chapter 03 Adler: Individual Psychology

1. Differentiate the striving for superiority and the striving for success in Alfred Adler’s theory of personality.

Answer:

1. Originally, Alfred Adler spoke of the striving for superiority as the final goal for all people, but after he placed emphasis on social interest, he made a distinction between striving for superiority and striving for success. 2. In Alfred Adler’s final theory, the striving for superiority was seen as an attempt to gain personal superiority over other people. As such, it is pathological and devoid of a high level of social interest. For example, a person may give money to a street beggar to convey a message of superiority over the beggar.

3. After Alfred Adler began to see the importance of social interest, he talked about striving for success, which he defined as success for all humanity. The striving for success is thus motivated by a high level of social interest and not by personal gain. A person who strives for success may give money to a street beggar out of interest in the beggar as part of humanity. A person with high social interest would genuinely care about the beggar and may extend that care beyond merely giving money. Page: 76–78 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 2. Describe the role of subjective perceptions in Alfred Adler’s theory of personality.

Answer:

1. To Alfred Adler, objective reality (such as a deformed hand) does not determine style of life; rather, style of life is shaped by one’s view of reality. 2. People are motivated more by fictions, or expectations of the future, than by experiences of the past. Fictions influence people as if they really existed. Expectations of the future reflect the concept of teleology and are opposed to the influence of past events, which emphasizes causality. 3. Alfred Adler believed that people are “blessed” by organ inferiorities. The inferiority itself does not determine the direction of a person’s striving, but one’s view of one’s inferiority can lead to either healthy or unhealthy striving. Page: 79–80 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 3. List and describe three Adlerian safeguarding tendencies.

Answer:

1. Safeguarding tendencies take the form of neurotic symptoms and are designed to protect an inflated self-image against public disgrace. 2. The most common of Adlerian safeguarding tendencies are excuses, and these can take the form of either the “Yes, but” excuse or the “If only” excuse. With either excuse, a person is attempting to protect a real sense of self-worth by deceiving other people into believing that he or she is a worthy person. 3. A second safeguarding tendency is aggression, which may take the form of depreciation, accusation, or self-accusation. In all three cases, a person aggresses against others or self in order to gain personal superiority. 1. The third safeguarding tendency is to withdraw, or run away from life’s difficulties. People can withdraw by (1) moving backward; (2) standing still, which avoids responsibility for growing up; (3) hesitating, which gives people the excuse that “It’s too late now”; and (4) constructing obstacles so that they can demonstrate their superiority by overcoming the obstacle. Page: 87–89 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 4. Unlike Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalysis, Alfred Adler’s individual psychology assumed that: 5. behavior is shaped by past experiences. 6. people are motivated largely by aggression. 7. C. people are mostly responsible for their personalities. 8. most behaviors are motivated by unconscious forces. 9. the sexual instinct is the basis for most human behavior. Page: 71 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 5. Unlike Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler believed that 6. A. people are motivated mostly by social influences and by their striving for superiority and success. 7. people have little or no choice in shaping their personality. 8. present behavior is caused by past experiences.

9. psychologically healthy people are usually unaware of what they are doing and why they are doing it. Page: 71 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 6. What did Alfred Adler’s earliest memories concern? 7. A. comparisons with his older and healthier brother 8. an active interest in helping others 9. neglect by his mother 10. his desire to become a famous psychologist Page: 72 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 7. The death of Alfred Adler’s younger brother resulted in Alfred Adler 8. withdrawing from other family members. 9. developing severe childhood neurosis. 10. C. deciding to become a doctor. 11.turning to his older brother for protection. Page: 72 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 8. From Alfred Adler’s biography, we know that he 9. came from a Jewish background. 10. had a younger brother who died in infancy. 11.C. was second born. 12. None of the answers is correct. 13. All of the answers are correct. Page: 72 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 9. Alfred Adler’s break with Sigmund Freud was due to the fact that 10. Sigmund Freud believed that psychoanalysis should change to keep up with society. 11.Alfred Adler was extremely deferent to Sigmund Freud. 12. C. Alfred Adler could not accept Sigmund Freud’s strong emphasis on sexual factors as motivators of behavior.

13. Sigmund Freud lacked organizational skills, leaving Alfred Adler with the responsibility of directing the Wednesday Psychological Society. Page: 73–74 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 10. During the time that Sigmund Freud and Alfred Adler were members of the Wednesday Psychological Society, 11.Alfred Adler considered Sigmund Freud to be his mentor. 12. Sigmund Freud prevented Alfred Adler from holding office in the organization. 13. they shared a warm personal relationship. 14. they conspired to prevent Carl Jung from joining the organization. 15. E. None of the answers is correct. Page: 73–74 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 11.Which of the following was the effect of World War I on Alfred Adler? 12. He enlisted in the army. 13. He became a conscientious objector. 14. C. He changed his theoretical views. 15. He moved to a neutral country. Page: 74 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

Unlike other psychiatrists of his time, Alfred Adler treated large numbers of schizophrenics. children with intellectual disability. patients without medical insurance. D. large numbers of middle-and lower-class patients.

Page: 75 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 13. 14. 15.

One of Alfred Adler’s strongest beliefs was in A. the equality of the sexes. his Jewish faith.

16. 17.

his Protestant faith. the communist doctrine.

Page: 75 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 14. Which of the following assumptions is not part of Alfred Adler’s theory? 15. A. All human motivations for behavior are unconscious in origin. 16. The dynamic force behind a person’s activity is the striving for superiority or success. 17. All psychological phenomena are unified within an individual in a self-consistent manner. 18. The opinions of people shape their behavior and personality. Page: 75 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 15. According to Alfred Adler, _____ is the dynamic force motivating all human activity. 16. organ dialect 17. a feeling of superiority 18. C. the striving for success 19. inferior physical endowment Page: 75 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.

Alfred Adler believed that behavior and personality are shaped by early childhood experiences. organ inferiorities. C. subjective perceptions. sexual and aggressive impulses. birth order.

Page: 75 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

17. Alfred Adler believed that there are two general routes by which people strive. One is the path of exaggerated personal superiority and the other is the road of 18. power. 19. masculine protest. 20. C. social interest. 21. individuation. 22. aggression. Page: 76 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 18. According to Alfred Adler, the goal toward which a psychologically healthy person strives is 19. A. fictional, with no objective existence. 20. the creation of one’s conscious thought. 21. largely conscious or known to that person. 22. shaped mostly by the person’s birth order. 23. All of the answers are correct. Page: 76 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 19. Alfred Adler felt that every individual is striving to reach the same goal of 20. self-fulfillment. 21. a perfect society. 22. C. superiority or success. 23. reduction of anxiety. Page: 76 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 20. In the context of the striving force as compensation, Alfred Adler believed that the tendency toward completion or wholeness 21. was a result of birth order. 22. B. was innate but needed to be developed. 23. was learned during preadolescence. 24. resulted from the masculine protest.

Page: 77 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

Alfred Adler believed that people strive for superiority A. in order to compensate for feelings of inferiority. in order to survive in a competitive society. as a means of attaining sexual satisfaction. in an attempt to imitate parents and other authority figures.

Page: 77 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 22. 23. 24. 25. 26.

Concerning feelings of inferiority, Alfred Adler held that A. all individuals possess them. only neurotics develop them. they always lead to the development of social interest. they only develop when organ inferiorities are present.

Page: 77 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 23. 24. 25. 26. 27.

Alfred Adler said that all humans are “blessed” at birth with a well-developed sense of social interest. B. small, weak, incomplete, and inferior bodies. superior intellects. the need to become superior to other people.

Page: 77 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 24. Alfred Adler referred to ideas that have no real existence yet influence people as if they really existed as 25. delusions. 26. hallucinations. 27. C. 28. hypothetical constructs. 29. objective certainty. Page: 79 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

25. 26. 27. 28. 29.

Alfred Adler borrowed his ideas on fictionalism from Sigmund Freud. Karl Marx. John Calvin. D. Hans Vaihinger.

Page: 79 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 26. In the context of Adlerian theory of individual psychology, which of the following statements is true about social interest? 27. It develops early in the mother-child relationship. 28. It is characteristic of all people to some degree. 29. It is the English translation of Gemeinschaftsgefühl. 30. D. All of the answers are correct. 31. None of the answers is correct. Page: 79 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 27. According to Alfred Adler, which of the following statements is true about organ inferiorities? 28. They cause the development of inferior personalities. 29. They cause the development of superior personalities. 30. C. They are important as they stimulate feelings of inferiority. 31. They are important because they bestow purpose on all behavior. Page: 79–80 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 28. Which of the following statements is true from an Adlerian perspective? 29. All behaviors are inconsistent. 30. Psychological conflict leads to inconsistent behavior. 31. Inconsistent behavior serves multiple purposes. 32. D. Inconsistent behavior serves a single purpose. Page: 80 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

29. Jared develops a tension headache while trying to meet a deadline at work. This tactic allows him to escape responsibility for meeting the deadline and to receive sympathy from his boss and coworkers. According to Alfred Adler, Jared’s headache is an example of 30. A. an organ dialect. 31. an organ inferiority. 32. an as-if illness. 33. a fiction. Page: 80 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 30. According to Alfred Adler, which of the following statements is true about social interest? 31. A. It exists in every individual to some degree. 32. It exists only in psychologically healthy people. 33. It requires personal gain by an individual. 34. It is much stronger in pampered children than in neglected ones. Page: 81 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 31. 32. 33. 34. 35.

The “sole criterion of human values,” Alfred Adler said, is the style of life. creative power. subjectivity of perception. D. social interest.

Page: 83 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 32. 33. 34. 35. 36.

According to Alfred Adler, _____ is the “barometer of normality.” A. social interest creative power subjectivity of perception fictional finalism

Page: 83 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

33. As a dynamic concept, Alfred Adler’s notion of creative power implies 34. A. 35. adjustment. 36. social interest. 37. conflict. 38. cooperation. Page: 85 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 34. Alfred Adler believed that the essence of maladjustment is in a person’s 35. fictional goals. 36. creative power. 37. safeguarding tendencies. 38. D. underdeveloped social interest. 39. psychic conflict. Page: 86 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 35. According to Alfred Adler, which of the following statements is true about people with exaggerated physical deficiencies? 36. they reject the notion that life’s major problems can be solved in a selfish manner. 37. they desire success more than they fear defeat. 38. C. they tend to be overly concerned with themselves. 39. they are usually considerate of others’ feelings. Page: 86 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 36. According to Alfred Adler, which of the following statements is true about maladjusted people? 37. they set their goals too low. 38. B. they set their goals too high. 39. they set too many goals. 40. they set too few goals.

Page: 86 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 37. According to Alfred Adler, which of the following factors does not describe maladjusted people? 38. a dogmatic style of life 39. B. a high level of social interest 40. exaggerated goals 41. a private world of experience Page: 86 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 38. According to Alfred Adler, people with a pampered style of life are characterized by 39. A. exaggerated emotion. 40. extreme encouragement. 41. patience. 42. decisiveness. Page: 87 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 39. According to Alfred Adler, which of the following statements is true about children who feel pampered? 40. They are generally conscious of their final goal. 41. They typically become loving parents. 42. C. They may feel neglected by their parents. 43. They are frequently unaware of their final goal. Page: 87 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 40. According to Alfred Adler, which of the following statements is true about children with a neglected style of life? 41. They tend to place their trust in other people easily. 42. B. They experience a strong sense of envy toward the success of others. 43. They are always willing to cooperate for the common welfare. 44. They have a strong sense of confidence in themselves.

Page: 87 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 41. Adlerian safeguarding tendencies protect _____ against public disgrace and loss of self-esteem. 42. an individual’s ego 43. B. superiority feelings 44. creative power 45. fictional finalism Page: 87 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 42. Although similar to Sigmund Freud’s defense mechanisms, Alfred Adler’s concept of safeguarding tendencies differs in several respects. One difference is that safeguarding tendencies are 43. completely conscious. 44. completely unconscious. 45. C. sometimes conscious. 46. used by everyone. Page: 87 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 43. According to Alfred Adler, two commonly used safeguarding tendencies are excuses and aggression. A third is 44. regression. 45. fixation. 46. social interest. 47. D. 48. early recollections. Page: 88 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 44. 45. 46. 47. 48.

Identify the most common of the safeguarding tendencies. aggression B. excuses depreciation withdrawal

Page: 88 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 45. In the context of safeguarding tendencies, _____ is referred to as a tendency to undervalue other people’s achievements and to overvalue one’s own. 46. hesitation 47. withdrawal 48. C. depreciation 49. accusation Page: 88 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 46. _____, a form of an aggressive safeguarding device, is the tendency to blame others for one’s failures and to seek revenge, thereby safeguarding one’s own tenuous self-esteem. 47. Progression 48. Sublimation 49. Repression 50. D. Accusation Page: 88 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 47. “If only my parents were more encouraging, I would have been a successful businessperson by now.” Which of the following safeguarding tendencies is exemplified in this scenario? 48. A. excuses 49. withdrawal 50. accusation 51. hesitation Page: 88 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 48. “Yes, I like your idea, but I am afraid it is not feasible.” Which of the following safeguarding tendencies is exemplified in this scenario? 49. depreciation 50. B. excuses

51. 52.

self-accusation withdrawal

Page: 88 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 49. “I wanted to become a professional wrestler, but my mother forced me to go to law school. Now I have a job that makes me unhappy.” Which of the following safeguarding tendencies is exemplified in this scenario? 50. withdrawal 51. excuses 52. C. accusation 53. hesitation Page: 88 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 50. “I feel upset because I wasn’t nicer to my father while he was still alive. Now, it is too late.” Which of the following safeguarding tendencies is exemplified in this scenario? 51. depreciation 52. standing still 53. moving backward 54. D. self-accusation Page: 88 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 51. In the context of safeguarding tendencies, _____ is the tendency to safeguard one’s fictional goal of superiority by psychologically reverting to a secure period of life. 52. A. moving backward 53. hesitating 54. constructing obstacles 55. aggression Page: 89 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

52. Alfred Adler’s notion of moving backward is similar to Sigmund Freud’s notion of 53. sublimation. 54. fixation. 55. progression. 56. repression. 57. E. Page: 89 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 53. Vacillating, procrastinating, or behaving compulsively exemplify the Adlerian safeguarding tendency of 54. moving backward. 55. standing still. 56. C. 57. constructing obstacles. 58. giving excuses. Page: 89 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 54. 55. 56. 57. 58.

The least severe of the withdrawal safeguarding tendencies is standing still. hesitation. C. constructing obstacles. moving backward.

Page: 89 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 55. Compulsive hand washing, retracing one’s steps, behaving in an obsessive orderly manner, destroying work already begun, and leaving one’s work unfinished are examples of 56. moving backward. 57. standing still. 58. constructing obstacles. 59. D. Page: 89

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 56. Alfred Adler refers to the overemphasis on the importance of being manly as the 57. A. masculine protest. 58. sexist imperative. 59. sexual safeguarding tendency. 60. gender excuse. Page: 90 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 57. 58. 59. 60. 61.

Firstborn children, according to Alfred Adler, are likely to suffer from organ inferiorities. communicate in organ dialect more than secondborn children do. C. have intensified feelings of power and superiority. have very little anxiety.

Page: 91 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 58. 59. 60. 61. 62.

Alfred Adler believed that the typical secondborn child A. develops moderate competitiveness. becomes extremely competitive. becomes easily discouraged. is fearf...