Theories OF Personality Matrix PDF

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THEORIES OF PERSONALITY MATRIXPrepared by:Mary Anne A. Portuguez, RPsy,RPmGFOGIP- usefulness of atheory Dimensions- DPCCBU df, po, ct, cu, bs, usTheory & Proponent Basic Tenet Basic Concepts/Terms Related Research Therapeutic Assessment PSYCHOANALYSIS by Sigmund Freud Human personality and b...

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THEORIES OF PERSONALITY MATRIX Prepared by: Mary Anne A. Portuguez, RPsy, RPm GFOGIP- usefulness of a theory

Theory & Proponent 1. PSYCHOANALYSIS by Sigmund Freud

Dimensions- DPCCBU df, po, ct, cu, bs, us Basic Tenet Human personality and behavior are powerfully shaped by early childhood relationships. They believed that humans are primarily pleasureseeking creature dominated by sexual and aggressive impulses.

Basic Concepts/Terms Provinces of the mind - Id, ego, and superego: conscience (from punishment) and ego-ideal (from rewards) Dynamics of Personality: Instincts – sex and aggression (human drives or urges) Anxiety – only the ego feels anxiety - Neurotic anxiety (ego’s rel with the id), moral anxiety (rel with the superego) and realistic anxiety (rel with the real world) Stage of Development: Infantile Period (Oral, Anal, Phallic) Latency Period Genital Period Maturity – ego in control of the id and superego

Levels of Mental Life: Unconscious (Originate from repression or phylogenetic endowment)

Unconsciou

Related Research The new defense mechanism of Freud is clustered in to three by George Vaillant: • Neurotic • Immature and maladaptive • Mature and adaptive

Therapeutic Assessment • Free association, a patient spontaneously express his ideas and images in random fashion • Dream analysis • Transference and Resistance Deterministic Pessimistic Causality Unconscious Biological Equal in Similarity and uniqueness

2. INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY by Alfred Adler

s drives can become conscious only in disguised or distorted form, such

Subjective Perceptions: Individuals strive toward completion and toward 1. Fictionalism – fictions (people’s achieving his or her idiosyncratic, fictional personal expectations of the future) goals. 2. Organ inferiorities – all humans Achieve superiority (personal gain – psychologically stimulate subjective feeling of unhealthy individuals) or success (community inferiority benefit) Unity and Self-Consistency of Personality:

• Family constellations • Early recollections • Dreams • Early memories are templates on which people project their current style of life (manner of a person’s striving)

• Order of birth First born - strong feelings of power and superiority Second born – strong social interest Youngest – pampered and lack of independence • Early recollections – determines style of life • Dream analysis – can provide clues in

behaviours are directed towards a single purpose/goal 1. Organ dialect – people use physical disorder as a style of life 2. Conscious (clear goals) and unconscious (not understood goals) forces – both are unified to achieve a single goal

solving future problems • Style of life

Social Interest: Feeling of oneness with all of humanity, potential in all people Sole criterion of human values Style of Life:

3. ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY by Carl Jung

Humans have a vast and mysterious potential within their unconscious. Unconsciousness contains broad psychic energy rather than simply sexual energy. Humans are extremely complex beings who possess a sanely of opposing qualities (ex. Introversion or extraversion, masculinity or femininity, rational and irrational drives).

Levels of the Psyche: 1. Conscious level – images sensed by the ego. In an psychologically mature individual, the ego is secondary 2. Unconscious level - psychic images not sensed by the individuals. Can stem from our personal experiences or ancestor’s experiences with universal themes a. Personal Unconscious - contains the complexes, our

• MBTI, a highly popular employee selection technique and used for research on Jung’s system. Extraverted intuiting – most influenced by social norms and expectations

• Investigation of symbols, myth, and rituals in ancient cultures. • Word Association Test • Active imagination • Amplification Equal in d and f, p and o, and c and t Unconscious Similarities Biological

experiences b. Collective unconscious - are not inherited ideas and is shared among beings of the same species Archetypes: contents of the collective unconscious 1. Persona – largely shaped by unconscious thoughts, wishes, and desires 2. Shadow – to reach psychological maturity, we must first realize or accept

4. INTERPERSONAL THEORY by Harry Sullivan

5. PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIAL THEORY by Karen Horney

It emphasized the importance of interpersonal relations. Personality is shaped almost entirely by the relationship we have with other people.

•Social and cultural conditions esp. during childhood have a powerful effect on later

dynamisms, self-system, security operations, eidetic personification, personification, cognitive processes, anxiety, unawareness

• Intimate relationship with friend • Imaginary friend, studies showed that children with eidetic personifications tend to be more socialized, less aggressive, more intelligent and have a better sense of humor.

• Participant observation • Family Therapy

Feelings of safety of the children are only gained by the love the parents.if

• Morbid dependency, it generates the new concept of codependency.

• Free association • Dream analysis

personality. Modern culture is too competitive and it leads to hostility and feelings of isolation

1. 2. 3.

Criticisms towards Freud’s work: Its rigidity towards new ideas Skewed views towards feminine psychology Overemphasis of the pleasure principle

People are innately capable of self-love and acceptance even during pregnancy

parents neglect, dominate, reject their children, this would lead to the child’s feelings of basic hostility. If children repress basic hostility, they would develop feelings of insecurity called basic anxiety. They protect themselves from basic anxiety through: affection, submissiveness, power and prestige, and withdrawal. Normal people are flexible on using these kinds of protection but neurotic people do not. neurosis, Neurotic Trends: a. Moving towards people b. Moving against people Moving away from people (appearing arrogant and aloof), Idealized self – positive picture of

• Hyper competitiveness, moving against people. Some research says that European American women who have this are having some type of eating disorder. •Parenting styles

• Self-analysis Social factors Free will Optimistic Unconscious influences Average on causality and teleology Average in uniqueness and similarity

6. HUMANISTIC PSYCHOANALYSIS by Erich Fromm

Humans have been torn away from their prehistoric union with nature and left with no powerful instinct to adapt to a changing world. But because humans have acquired the ability to reason, they can think about their isolated condition called human dilemma.

Human dilemma can only be addressed by fulfilling our human needs, moving us toward a reunion with the natural world. 1. Relatedness – can take the form of submission, power and love (only relatedness need that can solve our human dilemma 2. Transcendence – humans transcend their nature by destroying or creating other people 3. Rootedness – need to establish roots and to feel at home again in the world. 4. Sense of Identity – awareness of ourselves as a separate person 5. Frame of orientation – road map or consistent philosophy by which we find our way through the world Escape mechanisms: a. Authoritarianism – tendency to give up one’s independence and to unite with a powerful partner b. Destructiveness – doing away with other people or things c. Conformity – surrendering of one’s individuality in order to meet the wishes of others Positive freedom – human dilemma can only be solve by positive freedom and is achieved when a person

• Shaun Saunders and Don Munro have developed the Saunders Consumers Orientation Index (SCOI) to measure Fromm’s marketing character. In general, Saunders found out that people with a strong consumer orientation tend to place low value on freedom, inner harmony, equality, self-respect and community.

• Extensive interviews • Dream reports • Detailed questionnaires Average on free choice, optimism, unconscious influences, and uniqueness Low on causality High on social influences

becomes reunited with other Character orientation: 1.

2. -

7. EGO ANALYTIC PSYCHOLOGY by Anna Freud

8. PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT by Erik Erikson

Non productive orientations a. Receptive orientation b. Exploitative orientation c. Hoarding d. Marketing orientation Productive orientation Productive work, love and reasoning

In order to emerge in an analysis, the ego must become aware of the utilize defenses to prevent the material to resurface.

developmental line, ego, diagnostic profile, elaboration of defense mechanisms

It is an extension of Freud’s theory but in a different way. It postulated eight stages of psychosocial development through which people progress. He emphasized on ego and social influences than what Freud’s asserted on Id and unconscious.

psychosocial stages, identity crisis, virtue, ego, epigenetic principle

• She produced classification system of childhood symptoms • Developed an assessment procedure known as diagnostic profile • Emphasis on ego's role •Her work shifted from adult to children using psychoanalysis

•focus on developmental lines of children •observation on patient's maturation level •free association •dream analysis

•Identity in early adulthood • Generatively in midlife •play constructions (inner and outer space)

• Participant observation • Anthropological studies • Psychohisorical analysis

Each of us develops identity and comes to know who we are by constructing conscious/unconscious narrative of the self; personality is composite pattern life stories.

agency, communion, nuclear episodes, thematic lines, generativity

• McAdams and de St. Aubin developed the Loyola Generativity Scale (LGS) •Studies in life stories

• Narrative therapy

10. SELF PSYCHOLOGY by Heinz Kohut

A good sense of self-worth and acceptance can be achieved through parental empathy.

idealization, narcissism, nuclear self, autonomous self, self-theory, mirroring

•Studies on narcissism •Role of healthy narcissism •Significance of empathy

•experience-near observation

11. PSYCHOANALYTIC LEARNING THEORY by John Dollard and Neal Miller

The structure of personality can be defined by habits. This theory is a creative effort to combine the basic Freudian concepts with ideas, language, methods, and experimental results on learning and behavior.

Habit, drive, drive reduction, cue, response, reinforcement, frustration, infrahuman species, conflict, suppression

•Redefinition of unconscious process •Role of suppression in treatment

•Paved way to systematic desensitization (Wolpe) •Reciprocal inhibition

12. COGNITIVE SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY by Julian Rotter and Walter Mischel (note: Their differences will be discussed)

Cognitive factors, more than immediate reinforcements, determine how people will react to environmental forces. Each suggests that our expectations of future events are major determinants of performance.

Locus of control, expectancy, psychological situation, reinforcement value, behavior specificity, behavioral siignature

•Locus on control and health Related Behaviors •Analysis of Reactions (x) •Positive Psychology

•Self-reports •Test questionnaires

13. BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS by B.F. Skinner

Humans are neither positive or negative, but simply a function of their environment. Human behavior like any other natural phenomena is subject to the laws of science, and that psychologists should not attribute inner motivations to it.

operant conditioning, a theory of personality without personality, shaping, reinforcement, schedules of reinforcement, satiation

•How environment affects behavior •Development of token economy

9. NARRATIVE IDEINTITY by Dan McAdams

•Behavior modification

14. SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY by Albert Bandura

Humans have some limited ability to control their lives. It recognizes that chance encounters and fortuitous events often shape one’s behavior; places more emphasis on observational learning; it stresses the importance of cognitive factors in learning; human activity is a function of behavior and person variables as well as the environment; he believes that reinforcement is mediated by cognition.

self-efficacy, observational learning, self-system, agentic perspective, selfregulation,

• Self-efficacy and cessation of smoking • self-efficacy and academic performance

• direct observation • self-report inventories • physiological measurements

15. HOLISTIC-DYNAMIC THEORY by Abraham Maslow

People are continually motivated by one or more needs, and that, under the proper circumstances, they can reach a level of psychological health called self-actualization.

Hierarchy of needs, B-needs, D-needs, self-actualization, metamotivation, motivation,

• Positive psychology • Self-actualization related to creativity, selfacceptance and Intimate interpersonal relations

• Personal orientation inventory (POI) • Interviews • Biographical material

16. CLIENT-CENTERED THEORY by Carl Rogers

Each individual has the capacity for dramatic and positive growth.

self, actualization, organismic valuing process, self-concept, congruence, empathy, positive regard, unconditional positive regard, conditional positive regard, conditions of worth

• Positive psychology • Couples therapy • Facilitative conditions outside therapy

• Q-sort technique •person-centered psychotherapy

17. EXISTENTIAL PSYCHOLOGY by Rollo May

A basic unity exists between people and their environment, a unity expressed by term Dasein or being-in-the-world. People are both aware themselves as lining beings and also aware of the possibility of nonbeing or nothingness. Death is the most obvious from of nonbeing, which can also be experienced as retreat from life’s experiences.

simultaneous modes, umwelt, mitwelt, eigenwelt, guilt, existentialism, anxiety, daimonic, intentionality

• Jeff Greenberg investigated terror management which is based on the notion of existential anxiety.

• Therapy is not to cure any specific disorder but to let the client to feel more human.

He emphasized the uniqueness of each individual. He believed that psychologically healthy individual are motivated by present, mostly conscious drives

Traits, cardinal disposition, common trait, personal disposition, central disposition, proprium, functional

• Religious Orientation Scale • Religious Orientation Scale and Psychological Health

• Conduct Analysis • Self-Appraisal

18. PSYCHOLOGY OF THE INDIVIDUAL by Gordon Allport

and that they not only seek to reduce tensions but to establish new ones. He also believed that people

19. PERSONOLOGY by Henry Murray

20. TRAIT AND FACTOR THEORIES by Hans Eysenck and Raymond Cattell (will be discussed the differences)

autonomy

• Expressive Behavior (Vernon)

Personality is rooted in the brain. He was the one who quoted, “No brain, no personality.”

Need, alpha press, beta press, proceeding, serial, serial program, ordination,

• Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

•Projective techniques

Human personality is largely the product of genetics and not environment.

surface traits, source traits, factor analysis, extraversion, introversion, emotionality, stability, reticular activating system, visceral brain,

• BIG FIVE by McCrae and Costa

• 16 PF test and using objective data

References • Cervone, D. & Pervine, L. (2013). Personality: Theory and research (12th ed.). USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. • Cloninger, S. (2004). Theories of personality: Understanding persons (4th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. • Engler, B. (2012). Theories of personality (5th ed.). Philippines: Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd. • Feist, J. & Feist, G. (2009). Theories of personality (7th ed.). USA: McGraw−Hill Companies. • Ryckman, R. (2008).Theories of personality (9th ed.). USA: Thomson Wadsworth.

Melanie Klein a. Places less emphasis on biologically based drives and more importance on consistent patterns of interpersonal relationships b. Tends to be more maternal, stressing the intimacy and nurturing of the mother c. Generally see human contact and relatedness, not sexual pleasure, as the prime motive of human behaviour

She stressed the importance of the first 4-6 months of the child. Infants do not begin life with a blank slate but with an inherited predisposition to reduce the anxiety they experience as a result of the conflict produced by the forces of the life instinct and the power of the death instinct.

Klein assumed that very young infants possess an active, unconscious fantasy life. Their most basic fantasies are images of the "good" breast and the "bad" breast...