Week 1 Lecture Notes - Professor Karen Kabnick Drexel University: BIO 122 PDF

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Professor Karen Kabnick
Drexel University: BIO 122...

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Chapter 1: Introduction: Evolution and the Foundations of Biology -

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From organizational hierarchy emerges functional properties Theme: Structure Dictates Function New functions emerge as you go up the hierarchy, meaning more complexity the higher you go Must put atoms together in specific configuration in order to create a molecule Putting macromolecules together to make organelles with different structures and therefore with different functions Smallest unit of life is the cell Have an understanding of where you are in the hierarchy Macroscopic – can see with naked eye Tissues are next level of hierarchy after cells Cells of same type group together to become tissue Different tissues in stomach to serve different functions Example: blood cells to serve nutrients, Nervous tissue that allows brain to send signals, loose connective tissue to keep the stomach together Can’t have digestive system without different organs Lymphatic, respiratory, nervous…lots of organ systems Organism is not the highest, there’s population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere Population (same species), Community (multiple organisms living together) Ecosystem includes oxygen, soil around us INCLUDING the community of living things (biotic and abiotic together) Organisms interact with the environment Biotic organisms use energy and obtain energy in three different ways: producers, consumers, and decomposers Almost all energy from the planet comes from the sun Producers (such as plants) take energy from sun and make molecules Producers use it for their work and to build their bodies Consumers eat producers and gets its energy and its building blocks from the producer, chemical energy Whatever is not used as work is dissipated into the air as heat Decomposers, break down molecules and recycle the atoms and molecules for themselves and for the cycle to start again Energy flows and atoms recycle Unity Key features of unity, cellular basis of life and DNA Features/common properties (listed in PowerPoint) Regulation: controlling what comes in and what comes out Like jackrabbits…question, the right answer is A. the original source of the energy was the sun

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Energy flows through the ecosystem, either helping the systems it goes through or dissipating as heat Energy recycled is used again by the systems it flows through

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Diversity Domain Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya Almost all multicellular organisms are comprised of eukaryotic cells

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Evolution meditated by Natural Selection Darwin Descent with modification (evolution) Individuals within a population vary Individuals survive differently

Succinate Dehydrogenase (SDH) Activity Project: 9.28.18 Enzyme – catalyst that speeds up reaction, not used during the reaction? Assay – an assessment -

Role of the SDH enzyme in a cell – found in mitochondria, found in inner membrane area, important in krebs cycle and electron transport train, aiding with breakdown of sugar to produce energy called ATP, undergo process called oxidation (loss of electrons)

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FAD is an electron acceptor that turns into FADH2 that moves out of the krebs cycle and moves into the electron transport chain

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FADH2 donates its electrons at coenzyme Q turning back into FAD where it is reused

1. Convert succinate  fumarate 2. Regenerates FAD from FADH2 by dumping electrons on ubiquinone Measure electrons from FADH2 SDH-FADH2 + DCPIPoxidized(blue)  SDH-FAD + DCPIPreduced(colorless) + 2H+ Reactions can still occur without the presence of an enzyme (it would just be slower since enzymes speed up reactions) Independent Variable – addition of reagent Dependent - how it affects SDH activity Controlled - the temperature of the liquid that is used, the time it takes to do the experiment, the pH of the buffers Bradford Assay is important because you don’t want there to be more or less protein to begin with otherwise it messes up the result, BA helps you determine the protein concentration

9.28.18

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Natural selection - idea that a subset of organisms with a subset of genes will evolve New variants that do better adapt to the environment Pressure being who can survive in certain environments Population evolved, individual either survived or didn’t survive Importance of variation Cancer is an example of evolution within the body?

Chapter 2: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life - There are monomers, link through dehydration synthesis - Each of four macromolecules have their own monomers that polymerize into polymers - Nucleic acids, proteins, and polysaccharides follow this paradigm, lipids do not - Breaking down polymers through hydrolysis -

Carbohydrates: monosaccharides, example: glucose For all carbs, there’s always the ratio one carbon, two hydrogens, one oxygen Ribose and deoxyribose, subunits of monomers of nucleic acids, five carbon There are isomers, different structures and tastes, enable them to be substrates for different enzymes Polysaccharide is the macromolecule Three key types: glycogen (highly branched structure), made up of alpha glucose, how we store our glycogen Amylopectin Glycogen – usable by us since we can break it down and store it in our liver and muscles Cellulose – cannot be digested, cows eat cellulose but they cannot digest it But cows have endosymbionts that help them break down the cellulose Cellulose is the most abundant organic molecule on the planet...