Week 30 - Zoo Economics and Organisations PDF

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Friday 20th April 2018

Week 30 Introduction to Zoo Biology: Zoo Economics and Organisations Intended learning outcomes: -

List the main sources of income and expenditure for modern zoos Understand the importance of zoos working as a business Assess the financial effectiveness of modern zoos in fulfilling their roles Describe how zoos are regulated Explain how zoos are organised in structures from national to international level

Which species would your zoo have? -

Which species would you chose to maximise economic benefit? How would you maximise value per acre of land? Does the law of diminishing returns affect zoos? Marginal analysis? Opportunity cost? Social x Individual benefits?

Economic Impact of Zoos – USA Study by Fuller 2013 on AZA accredited zoos -

Number of visitors = 165,000,000 Zoo employees = 38,000 Additional jobs = 62,000 - For example, construction DP contribution = $16,000,000,000 - Wages = $5,400,000,000

Economic Impact of Zoos – Australia Study by Beri et al 2010 on all Australian zoos: -

107 zoos Financial value = AU$ 424,000,000 per year - Capital expenditure = AU$ 66,000,000 Employment (direct) = 5300 people 15.4 million visitors (>3 million foreign visitors) GDP contribution = AU$ 112,000,000 75% income from private sector (e.g. visitors) 36% of Australians visit a zoo each year

Gross Value Added (GVA) Report on Chester Zoo 2015: £47.7 million & 1090 FTE jobs in the Northwest Money and jobs come from Chester Zoo buying products (supply chain) and visitor spending on hotels, retail, food, etc. Future GVA (2020): £65.8 million & 1520 FTE jobs in the Northwest

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Pandanomics – Edinburgh -

Rent = £600,000.00 per year – 10 year contract Cub death = £300,000.00 fine Feeding costs = £100,000.00 per year Housing costs = £300,000.00 (one off cost) Funding research = ??? Visitor numbers increased = 50% in 1st year Visitor started to decrease after 2 years No matings – Male to be replaced in 2018

Zoo Income Sources -

Admission Annual membership fees Trading - souvenirs, balloons, food, etc. Rides – boat, monorail, cable car, miniature railways Special events – weddings, conferences, Christmas parties Donations, gifts, legacies Investment income Grants

Zoo Expenditure -

Salaries and pensions Utilities Investment management Estates maintenance Garden maintenance Purchase of goods to be traded Animal food Veterinary care Research activities Education services Conservation programmes

Sustainability and zoos Many modern zoos are addressing sustainability issues by: -

Using recycled building materials Encouraging visitors to recycle products purchased in the zoo (e.g. drink cans) Providing recycling facilities in their car parks Using electric vehicles (including solar) Recycling water Banning drinking straws

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Marwell Zoo “Our Environmental Policy is designed to improve performance and efficiency and to encourage responsible behaviour in staff, guests, business partners and the communities with whom we interact.” ISO14001 certified Environmental Management System – Carbon reduction policy -

Energy monitoring and efficiency Renewable energy generation Waste management Water conservation Green transport Carbon offsetting

Ethical Purchasing Policy Sustainability -

Powering buildings with solar panels Use green architecture Selling Fair Trade products

Management structure Zoo management structures vary considerable between institutions. Small zoos cannot afford to employ specialists. They may require staff to perform multiple roles – E.g. conservation and education. Keepers may work across several sections (e.g. birds and mammals). Specialist Staff -

Large zoos employ more specialist staff May have own vet staff Nutritionist Endocrinologist Specialist conservation staff working overseas Research staff – usually only in very large zoos

The Regulation of Zoos Zoo Inspectorate The Zoo Inspectorate is part of Defra. It employs inspectors who regularly visit zoos to ensure compliance with the Zoo Licensing Act 1981, 2002. The Inspectorate’s mission statement is: To inspect zoos and provide consistent advice to local authorities, with the aim of monitoring and promoting Zoo Inspectorate Objectives -

High standards of animal care and husbandry in zoos High standards of health and safety for zoo visitors Participation of zoos in proactive measures to conserve biodiversity

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Participation of zoos in promoting public education and awareness in relation to conservation of biodiversity

Zoos Forum/Committee of Experts An independent body that advises on zoo licensing matters. Includes vets, scientists, educators and others with expertise in animal conservation and welfare. Zoo Inspectorate’s Mission It encourages the role of zoos in conservation, education and scientific research. It keeps the operation and implementation of the zoo licensing system under review. It advises Ministers of any changes that it considers may be necessary to legislation. Zoos Expert Committee Handbook This provides advice to zoos on: -

The Ethical Review Process Conservation, education and research Sustainability initiatives in UK zoos Animal welfare and its assessment in zoos Diving in zoos and aquariums Veterinary services

Zoo organisations -

BIAZA – British and Irish Association of Zoos and Aquariums EAZA – European Association of Zoos and Aquaria AZA – Association of Zoos and Aquariums (USA) WAZA – World Association of Zoos and Aquariums

Individual zoos do not work alone, they are organised into associations. The "umbrella" organisation for the world zoo and aquarium community is the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA). Membership Its members include: -

leading zoos and aquariums regional and national Associations of Zoos and Aquariums, from all around the world

WAZA WAZA was originally founded in Rotterdam in 1946. Originally called the International Union of Directors of Zoological Gardens (IUDZG). In 2000 it was renamed WAZA to reflect a more modern institution. Role of WAZA - It works at a global level to: -

build cooperative approaches to common needs tackle common issues share information and knowledge represent this community in other international bodies such as the World Conservation Union (IUCN)

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Regional Zoo Associations -

Zoos are also organised into regional and national associations EAZA is the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria BIAZA is the British and Irish Association of Zoos and Aquariums

Zoo Keeper Organisations There are also keeper organisation – -

Association of British and Irish Wild Animal Keepers (ABWAK) - Publishes Ratel American Association of Zoo Keepers (AAZK)

Conclusions -

Zoos need to run under sound business principals to fulfil their roles Zoos derive their income from a wide variety of sources Most zoo expenditure is with the maintenance of the zoo itself Zoos are grouped together in national, regional and international organisations

Potential Exam Questions 1. Using examples write an essay about zoo economics 2. Write an essay showing how zoos are organised from a national to international level Multiple choice 1. -

Which of the following is not a zoo organisation? WAZA IUCN BIAZA ABWAK...