Week 5 Lecture literature reviews CQLi 160821 canvas PDF

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Week 5 lecture notes to help with writing literature reviews (Assignment 2)...

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Research Methods for Engineers EEET2449

Week 5 Lecture Literature Reviews: Purpose and Structure (DS: BH077, BH088, BH076, BH092)

Prof. Chun-Qing Li [email protected] RMIT University©CQLi2021

RMIT Classification: Trusted

Learning Objectives 1. What to review 2. How to review

3. What are patents 4. Assignment 2

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Reflection… ➢ What have you learn so far? ➢ Define a research problem - sub-problems - boundaries ➢ Hypothesis ➢ Inference RMIT University©CQLi2021

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A General Research Process ➢ More specifically - Identify a problem (what) - Literature review to see this is a problem - significant (why) how similar problems are dealt with what basic knowledge is needed to solve the problem

- Research methods (how) hypothesis or assumption qualitative or quantitative experimental or theoretical

- Design of research programme where, when, who, how much

➢ Research is a dynamic process RMIT University©CQLi2021

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Literature Review ➢ Literature ❑ Any collection of written work ❑ On a subject or topic

➢ Review ❑ Re, view, look at it again ➢ Literature review ❑ Survey of information on a topic/problem/concept ❑ Explore relationship in the topic/problem/concept ❑ Find out critical points of current knowledge - substantive findings - theoretical contributions - methodological contributions RMIT University©CQLi2021

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Literature Review ➢ Purpose - equip you with sufficient knowledge, state of the art - find out gaps, create new knowledge - don’t repeat what has been done or known

➢ Benefits of review - find new ideas, methods, tools - find new sources of data, information, etc. - increase confidence: the problem is worth studying RMIT University©CQLi2021

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Literature Review ➢ Sources of literature - libraries, RMIT, Vic State library, etc. - Internet, e.g., google - databases, e.g., Web of Science - personal contacts

➢ Journal rankings can be found in - Scimago, e.g., Q1, Q2, … https://www.scimagojr.com/

➢ Journal Impact Factors can be found in - Journal Citation Reports - Accessed via the Web of Science database (RMIT Library Search) RMIT University©CQLi2021

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Literature Review ➢ Role of literature review ❑Help you ascertain whether other researchers have already addressed and answered the research problem you are proposing, or at least some of its subproblems. ❑Offer new ideas, perspectives, and approaches that may not have occurred to you. ❑Inform you about other individuals who conduct work in this area, individuals whom you may wish to contact for advice or feedback. RMIT University©CQLi2021

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Literature Review ➢ Role of literature review ❑Show you how other have handled methodological and design issues in studies similar to your own. ❑Reveal sources of data you my not have known existed. ❑Introduce you to measurement tools that other researchers have developed and used effectively. ❑Reveal methods of dealing with difficulties similar to those you are facing in tackling your research problem. ❑Help you interpret and make sense of your findings, and ultimately, help you tie your results to the work of those who have preceded you. ❑Develop/support your confidence that your topic is one worth studying. RMIT University©CQLi2021

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How to Review ➢ Three key steps in review ❑Identify find out the key items/points and locate the literature

❑Analyse examine the relationship between or among identified items, the logic, etc.

❑Evaluate select and critically assess the items identified or the literature

➢ Then write a review report – Assignment 2 RMIT University©CQLi2021

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How to Review ➢ Method of literature review -

keep a problem (subject, topic) in mind how the problem is described how the problem is dealt with what assumptions/definitions are used what theories are used how is the test designed and developed how to derive a relationship how to process data what conclusions are drawn

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How to Review ➢ Method of literature review -

from books to papers read actively: search for what you want think critically: what, how and why keep notes: key points chase back references: whose work make comments: good, can be used, etc rank the paper: ***, **** Bookkeeping: folders, EasyCite, EndNote

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How to Review ➢ There is an ‘art’ to reading ➢ There is an ‘art’ to writing ➢ Elements to look out for: ❑ Masthead and title block ❑ Abstract (very short version of paper) ❑ Key words (for searching) ❑ Conclusions ❑ Affiliations, date received, acknowledgements etc …

➢ Reflect on what you did for assignment 1 RMIT University©CQLi2021

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How to Review Rationale

Gap

Hypothesis

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What is Next? ➢ Select a topic ➢ Find papers on your topic ➢ Critically review the papers ➢ Ask the following questions ❑What is the paper about? ❑What are the key findings of the paper? ❑Does the evidence presented in the paper support the reported findings? ❑What are the gaps in understanding that still remain? ❑Is there any work that should be done following on from this paper? RMIT University©CQLi2021

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What are Patents ➢ Outputs of research ❑ papers, books, patents, etc…. ➢ Patents ❑ patents are legal rights which protect inventions ✓ An invention can be any new product, method, device or system which serves a particular function and/or improves upon existing ways of doing things. ✓ If your invention is patented, others can’t make, sell, use or import your invention without your permission. This exclusive control over your invention can help you dominate a market and attract investors, and provides leverage in commercial negotiations. RMIT University©CQLi2021

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What are Patents ➢ Why need patents ❑ With patent protection, you are granted exclusive control over your invention, including who has the right to make, sell, distribute, import and/or use the invention. ❑ Many successful products and companies have been built on technologies safeguarded by patents. ❑ A patent owner may sell the patent/license it patent to third parties in accordance with certain terms and conditions (e.g. in return for a licensing fee or royalties). ❑ Once a patent expires, exclusive control over the invention ends, and the invention is freely available to the public to commercially exploit without infringing the patent. RMIT University©CQLi2021

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Patents review - purpose. What are Patents ➢ Types of patents -Australia ❑ Standard patent ❑ Innovation patent ❑ You may also consider filing a provisional application or seeking international protection https://www.ipaustralia.gov.au/patents/understandingpatents/types-patents ➢ There are differences in the cost of the patents, the length of protection they offer, the time they take to process and the type of invention they seek to cover. RMIT University©CQLi2021

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Phasout e ouof t ofthe the inno vation patent Phase innovation patent The Australian Government has begun the process of phasing out the innovation patent with the passing of legislative amendments. This means: • The last day you can file a new innovation patent will be 25 August 2021. • Existing innovation patents that were filed on or before 25 August 2021 will continue in force until their expiry. This will ensure current rights holders are not disadvantaged https://www.ipaustralia.gov.au/patents/applying-patent/innovationpatent-application-process/phase-out-innovation-patent

You can convert an innovation patent to a standard patent application in the period before it is accepted, but you have to be quick. That's because an innovation patent is accepted after a brief formalities check, which is usually within one month. https://www.ipaustralia.gov.au/patents/understanding-patents/typespatents/converting-patent-application RMIT University©CQLi2021

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Quick guide to innovation versus standard patents Innovation patent Be new, useful and involve an innovative step. A title, description, up to five claims, The application should drawings (if applicable), an abstract and include: forms. The application satisfies formality requirements (note: a 'granted' innovation Apatent is granted if: patent cannot be enforced unless examined). Your invention must:

Standard patent Be new, useful and involve an inventive step. A title, description, any number of claims, drawings (if applicable), an abstract and forms. The application is examined and found to satisfy the relevant requirements of the Patents Act 1990. Mandatory. The relevant requirements of the Patents Act 1990 must be met before a patent is granted. Can only be requested by the applicant.

Examination:

Optional. Examination can be requested by you or anyone else.

Certification:

Is given if the innovation patent complies with the relevant requirements of the Patents Act 1990 in examination. Only N/A after certification can the patent be enforced.

Publication in the Australian Official At grant and again at certification. Journal of Patents:

18 months from earliest priority date and again at acceptance.

Protection period:

Up to eight years if annual fees are paid.

Up to 20 years if annual fees are paid (or up to 25 years for pharmaceuticals).

How long does the process take?

Approximately one month for grant. Six months for examination if you make a request.

Six months to several years depending on circumstances.

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Application for a Patent •

Provisional applications establish a priority date, which is handy if you need to prove you were the first to come up with a new invention

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Think of a provisional application as a placeholder. It is an inexpensive way of signalling your intention to file full patent application later on. However, filing a provisional application on its own does not give you patent protection.

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In order to claim the priority date of your provisional application, you must apply for a patent (standard or innovation) or file a PCT application within 12 months of filing your provisional application.

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As a general rule, the priority date for your invention is the date on which you first filed a patent application that described your invention in detail. To get the earliest possible priority date on your invention, you can file a provisional application. Establishing a priority date is useful in helping you to get the jump on competitors.

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A provisional application also gives you time to determine whether your invention is worthy of further time, money and effort associated with filing an application for a patent. It is also cheaper to file a provisional application than an application for a standard or innovation patent. If you do decide to apply for a standard or innovation patent, you can use the priority date from your provisional application. This can be particularly useful if there is a dispute over who came up with an idea first.

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https://www.ipaustralia.gov.au/patents/understanding-patents/types-patents RMIT University©CQLi2021

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International Protection ❑ An Australian patent provides protection only within Australia. To obtain similar protection in other countries you generally have two choices: ❑ File separate patent applications in each country. If you only intend to file in a few countries, this may be the most cost effective option. ❑ File a single international application under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) which is administered by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). This path gives your application automatic effect in 152 countries, including Australia, where your PCT application becomes an application for a standard patent. https://www.ipaustralia.gov.au/patents/understanding-patents/types-patents RMIT University©CQLi2021

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What does a Patent include?

How to review patents

➢ What does a Patent include? ❑ Number of patent ❑ Date of patent/expire ❑ Name of inventor ❑ Nature of invention o Description o Claims o Abstract RMIT University©CQLi2021

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What does a Patent include?

How to review patents

➢ Example of patent certificate ❑ Australia ❑ USA

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Patents review - purpose. How to Review Patents ➢ Purpose ❑ Evaluate inventions ❑ Summary of the invention, including information on the advantages or benefits provided ❑ How does this invention help achieve the set filing targets (if such targets exist) ❑ Rating of the case (if a rating or scoring system is in use) ❑ Guidance on how such a patented invention would add value to the business ❑ Patent protection can benefit you RMIT University©CQLi2021

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Patents review - purpose.

How to Review Patents ➢ Typical questions to ask ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑

What problem does the invention solve? How does it improve over existing solutions? Is the invention likely to be implemented by you and/or by others? Is it easy to design around? Is it easy to detect infringement? Does it offer differentiation in the market? Does it offer a licensing opportunity/are third parties likely to want to utilise this invention? Does it have technology control point potential? Does it relate to an Interoperability Standard? Does the invention align with the filing targets? If protection is required, in which counties is it required? Is there likely to be a return on the investment? How would such a patented invention add value to the business?

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Tips for reading patents

How to Review Patents ➢ Guide on how to read patents 1. Know the difference between patents and patent applications 2. Get your bearings Most patents/patent applications are structured as follows: Title, Abstract, Background, Summary of the invention, Introduction to the drawings, Detailed description, Examples, Claims, Drawings.

3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Read the abstract Jump to the examples Read the claims Check the dates Patents are not subject to the scientific method and peer review

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Assignment 2 ➢ On canvas ✓ all details

➢ Key points ✓ start now

✓ due date:26/09/21 (Sunday) ✓ penalty: 10% per late day 10 late days =>0 ✓ think about the topic ✓ search for papers on topic

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Assignment 2 – Literature Review ➢ Collate, evaluate and critique 15 – 20 references ➢ Significance ❑ Describe the significance of your research problem (1 paragraph)

➢ Literature Review ❑ What has been done by others before you (~3 paragraphs) ➢ Research gaps ❑ Identify 3 – 4 gaps in current research Max two pages ➢ References RMIT University©CQLi2021

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Tutorial activities 1. Literature Review - selection of a topic - search relevant literature - review the literature

2. Read a patent 3. Assignment 2 4. Open questions

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Next Week ➢ Writing literature review ➢ Read an engineering patent

➢ Assignment 2

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Open Questions

Don’t forget the optional consultation today RMIT University©CQLi2021

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Prof. Chun-Qing Li [email protected]...