Wk 10 - Study Guide Quiz 5 PDF

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BIOL 101

STUDY GUIDE: QUIZ 5 Quiz Preparation Tasks

10

The Internally Integrated Human Animal

10. 1

The Integrated Human List the names of 10 body systems and the principle role of each in serving the rest of the body.

Your Answers and Notes

muscular system - a collection of organs (muscles) that facilitate movement of the body and movement within the body. skeletal system - a collection of organs (bones) that gives support and form to the body and that assists the muscular system during movement. cardiovascular system - a collection of organs that facilitate the movement of cells and soluble materials to and from all parts of the body. respiratory system - a collection of organs that enables critical gaseous reactants and products to be added to and removed from blood. integumentary system - a collection of organs (largely skin) that insulates the organism while protecting it from desiccation and invasion by foreign pathogens. nervous system - a collection of organs composed of neurons that coordinates the activities of the organism while transmitting signals from one location to another. endocrine system - a collection of organs (glands) that secrete hormones into the bloodstream; the hormones in turn control many aspects of the body’s form and function. urinary system - a collection of organs that filters the blood, creating, collecting, and storing the resulting urine for excretion. lymphatic system - a collection of organs that facilitates the surveillance of tissue fluids and their movement back to the bloodstream. Page 1 of 7

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digestive system - a collection of organs that facilitates the intake and mechanical and enzymatic degradation of foods, followed by absorption of nutrients and elimination of wastes. A student runs up a flight of stairs. Other than the skeletal system, which body system would be most immediate in its support of the muscular system in this activity? As a student runs up a flight of stairs, her integumentary system serves her by providing moisture for evaporation to remove the heat her body is generating. It helps to moderate her body temperature.

10. 2

Cardiovascular system Integumentary system

The Muscular System Muscle Structural Organization A muscle is composed of thousands of muscle cells (fibers) bound into groups of 100 or more fibers call fascicles each of which is surrounded by connective tissue called perimysium.

Fascicles – a bunch of skeletal muscle fibers surrounded by a perimysium

What is the name of a contractile unit of a muscle?

Sacromeres – the structural and functional unit within a muscle cell; intertwined protein fibrils of actin and myosin that pull against each other in the contraction process.

Muscle Contraction During muscle contraction, myosin filaments use their protein heads to attach sequentially to sites along actin filaments.

Myosin – a class of proteins that use ATP energy and a flexible head domain for movement along a protein strand of actin Actin – a monomeric protein that makes up the structures of finlaments – the scaffolding against which myosinc proteins carry out linear movement by successive binding events between myosin head domains and the filament’s own scaffolding.

Control of Contraction: Ions, Gradients, and Membrane Potentials While waiting for a signal to contract, a muscle cell membrane maintains a slightly higher positive charge on which side of the neurons plasma of the membrane? This is possible only because NA – K- ATPase pumps are available to generate this charge difference.

The outside. NA-K-ATPase pumps – a transmembrane protein complex using ATP energy to move sodium and potassium ions against their concentration gradients; the result is a membrane potential from the inside of the cell to the outside.

Contraction of Cardiac and Smooth Muscle Which of the three general types of muscle tissue helps to keep both our blood pressure regulated and our digestive processes effective? Smooth muscle

Skeletal Muscle - striated muscle generally attached to bones by tendons; under voluntary control of the peripheral nervous system Cardiac Muscle – striated muscle that comprises the walls

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Name the calcium-binding proteins in skeletal muscle and those in smooth muscle.

of the heart; generally involuntary in its control. Smooth muscle – nonstriated muscle under involuntary control; forms most of the structure of the digestive and vascular system. Calmodulin – a protein whose action is controlled by calcium ion influx; controls contraction of smooth muscle Troponins – a protein along the tropomyosin fiber that specifically locks into action at the site of which myosin heads would otherwise bind; involved in control of muscle contraction of skeletal muscle

10. 3

The Cardiovascular System Blood: A Medium of Exchange What is the most common molecule found in plasma, (or in all of blood for that matter)? See Figure 10.9, chart.

Water

Blood Vessels: The Body’s Avenue of Life In which type of vessels—arteries, capillaries, or veins—do the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, and of nutrients and cell wastes occur (principally)?

Capillaries - small blood vessels extending between arteries and veins; blood flow is slowed within these vessels and nutrient, waste, and gas exchange occurs between them and the surrounding tissues.

The Heart: The Dynamo of Human Life Systolic blood pressure is the top number of your blood pressure reading. It is recorded when the heart (—specifically the left ventricle—) contracts. Trace the route of blood flow through the human heart. Figure 10.11 will help.

10. 4

Basic Concepts of Immunity Notice the parts of Table 10.2. List three general lines of defense in the human immune system.

1. Barrier at body surfaces 2. Non specific responses – innate immunities 3. Adaptive immunity – specific responses

Your First Line of Defense The mucous secretions from membranes lining your bronchial passages entrain microbes. Cilia then carry them away to your acid-laden stomach where they will die.

Your Second Line of Defense Name two contrasting the sites in the body where macrophages and neutrophils patrol for foreign objects. Inflammation results from increased release of fluids and cells in the area of an infection. List four basic signs and symptoms of inflammation.

Neutrophils in the blood Macrophages in tissues Redness Swelling Heat (localized fever)

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Pain

Your Third Line of Defense Review Table 10.3. List four fundamental characteristics of the adaptive immune response.

Neither B lymphocytes nor T lymphocytes are able by themselves to respond to foreign antigen. To undergo further division, they must at some point receive another signal to proliferate (divide). They get this signal from what type of cells? See Figures 10.17, 10.18)

1. 2. 3. 4.

Requires exposure to foreign agent, non-innate. Is specific for the particular foreign agent Is transferrable from one host to another Is remembered when foreign agent returns a second time. APC (anitigen presenting cell) Effector helper T cell

Preparing Your Immune System: The Preemptive Strike When a vaccine is given to a person with a healthy immune system, what is the long-term result? Your body has built up an immunity. Vaccination works because our immune system is able to “recognize” the same foreign entity if we are re-infected with it.

10. 5

The Human Digestive System For these five digestive system organs: stomach, liver, pancreas, small intestine and nervoi, list their principle function(s).

Stomach – a muscular organ that receives, temporarily stores and digests food. Hydrochloric acid and the enzyme pepcin work to degrade protein structure here. Liver – an accessory of the digestive system. It processes and stores glycogen, decomposes old red blood cells, synthesizes blood plasma proteins and hormones. It also detoxifies many toxins and drugs. Pancreas – an organ of the digestive system generating degradative enzymes; it is also glandular, secreting the hormones insulin and glucagon. Small intestine – a 21 foot long tubular organ of the digestive system where mechanical digestion, chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occur.

The role of the hepatic portal system is to help the liver (organ) to control nutrient levels in your circulatory system.

The hepatic portal vein forms from capillary beds in small intestine and leads to a second set of capillary beds in liver. See Figure 10.22.

Large intestine – a five foot long tubular organ of the digestive system that receives indigestible chyme residues from the small intestine; water reabsorption and some vitamin absorption occur here. Hepatic portal system - those capillaries and vessels that carry nutrient-laden blood from the small intestinal epithelium to the liver for processing and control of nutrient levels. hepatic vein - the vessel that carries blood between the capillary beds of the liver and the systemic circulation returning to the heart.

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portal vein - the vessel that carries blood between the capillary beds of the small intestine and those of the liver.

10. 6

The Human Urinary System What is the principle function of the ureter?

What is the principle function of the urethra? The urinary bladder?

List three separate, related functions of the kidney. a) filtration in the glomerular capillaries, b) tubular reabsorption of water and small dissolved substances back in the bloodstream, c) secretion of waste molecules in the distal tubule.

10. 7

larges - a duct within the urinary system that carries urine from its formation site in the kidney to its storage site in the urinary bladder. Urethra - a duct that extends from the base of the bladder to the exterior of the body; urine is excreted through this duct. Urinary Bladder - an organ of the urinary system that stores urine prior to voiding. Kidney - an organ of the urinary system that filters waste from the blood, controls water and ion content in the blood, and returns useful substances to the blood.

Neurons at Work Neuron Structure and Function Which structural feature of a human neuron uniquely and perfectly fits it for its signal-carrying role?

Neuron – a cell designed to transmit a nerve impulse from one location to another Dendrite – carries nerve impulse towards the cell body of the neuron

A neuron is a specialized cell that consists of three regions structurally. What are they?

Axon – carries nerve impulses away away from the cell body of the neuron Cell Bodies – that part of a neuron that contains the cell nucleus and other major organelles; the focus of information expression within the neuron Dendrite - a process extending away from the cell body of a neuron; carries a nerve impulse from some other excitable cell toward the cell body of the neuron.

Which type of neuron receives a stimulus, carries it toward the brain and spinal cord and thus transmits it to the central nervous system? See Figure 10.29

Axon - a process extending away from the cell body of a neuron; carries a nerve impulse toward some other excitable cell and away from the cell body of the neuron. Sensory neurons - a cell that conducts action potentials (signals) away from stimulus receptors in the body and toward the central nervous system.

Nervous Reflexes List in the correct order the separate structures through which a signal moves in

Patellar tendon -> Patella -> Strech receptor -> Sensory

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a “simple” reflex arc? Find the four named structures in Figure 10.30 (by following the black lines).

neuron -> Dorsal root ganglion -> motor neuron -> Quadriceps muscle Receptor, Sensory Neuron, Inerneuron, Effector Organ

What kind of neuron is not a required element of the simple reflex arc? (even though it is distantly connected to the reflex arc as represented and described in Figure 10.30)

10. 8

Effector

The Human Nervous System What are the two main sections of the human nervous system? See Figure 10.31a.

Central Nervous System (CNS), Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Central Nervous system - that portion of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord; functions to integrate the signals it receives from the peripheral nervous system and coordinates responses to those signals.

The efferent or motor branch of the peripheral nervous system is subdivided into the somatic (voluntary) and autonomic (involuntary) nervous systems.

Peripheral Nervous System - the collection of all nerves and ganglia that lies outside of the brain and spinal cord. Somatic - that portion of the peripheral nervous system associated with voluntary control of skeletal muscles and with sensory reception of stimuli such as hearing or touch. Autonomic - that portion of the peripheral nervous system that acts to control involuntary functions such as visceral activity, perspiration, or heart rate.

The Central Nervous System For the following brain regions, list each one’s principle functional role: cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla, hypothalamus, thalamus.

Cerebellum - coordination of our motor movements Thalamus - sorts incoming information from the PNS and sends it to the proper place in the cerebrum Hypothalamus - controls the ANS and much of the endocrine system; it also regulates food and water intake, sleep and wake cycles, and body temperature Medulla oblongata - controls heart and breathing rates.

Which structure within the brain has the role of generating emotions?

Cerebrum - It has several lobes, or areas that handle different sensory and motor functions Conscious thought, problem-solving skills (understanding biology textbooks), speech production, voluntary movement and other complicated processes occur in the cerebral cortex The limbic system which includes the hypothalmus,

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thalmus, amygdala and hippocampus. Limbic System - a set of brain regions such as the hippocampus and amygdala that are broadly involved in emotions, behavior, long-term memory, and olfaction.

The Peripheral Nervous System Cranial and spinal nerves of the peripheral nervous system serve both afferent and efferent functions carrying impulses to and from the body parts. The both have sensory and motor roles to play.

Distinguish, in general terms, the roles of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions (branches) of the ANS (autonomic nervous system). (Review the final paragraph of this subsection.)

Afferent - of or referring to signals generated from within the sensory systems of the body that then travel to the central nervous system. Efferent - of or referring to signals generated from within the central nervous system of the body that then travel to the effector organs of the body such as muscles or glands. The parasympathetic division mediates control of processes operating within its organs when the body is essentially at rest. The sympathetic division mediates the control of these same organic processes when the body is under stress.

The Nervous System is Internally Integrated The nervous system interacts with the endocrine system to coordinate the internal integration of all the other body systems together. Which systems of the body interact with the peripheral nervous system? See Figure 10.38.

10. 9

Endocrine system - a collection of organs (glands) that secrete hormones into the bloodstream; the hormones in turn control many aspects of the body’s form and function. The nervous and endocrine systems

Drugs and the Nervous System

Caffeine: Catalyst of the Technological Revolution Caffeine affects synapses by binding to adenosine receptors without activating them. See Figure 10.40

Adenosine receptors

Fluoxetine Hydrochloride: Chemical Joy Fluoxetine HCl affects synapses by inhibiting re-uptake of serotonin by its transporter proteins. See Figure 10.41

Serotonin - a neurotransmitter in certain synaptic spaces within the brain that signals action potentials in cells resulting in a feeling of well-being.

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