WOMS240.F18 - Professor Sabine exam 1 study guide PDF

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Professor Sabine exam 1 study guide...

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EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE History Dates ● 1871: Alabama and Massachusetts are the first states to rescind the legal right of men to beat their wives ● 1971: First rape crisis center in the US ● 1973: First battered women’s shelters in the US ● 1978: National Coalition Against Domestic Violence ● 1979: National Coalition Against Sexual Assault ● 1994: Violence Against Women Act passed by US Congress as part of the federal Crime Bill Definitions ● Contractual Consent Theory- by marriage, a woman consents (cannot be taken back) ● Rape Shield Laws- not supposed to ask about a woman’s past sexual experiences to discredit her in a rape case Movements and Approaches to Confronting Violence ● Women’s Movement o along with the civil rights, antiwar, and gay rights movements ● Feminist Movement (2 branches) o Women’s Rights ▪ focused on equal rights for all o Women’s Liberation ▪ seeks radical transformation of social institutions (systems themselves are sexist) ▪ “personal is political” =our personal lives have political consequences ● We Will Not be Beaten Campaign o Launched by formerly battered women o Expose domestic violence, provide shelter and support, demand radical change from law, medicine, and society ▪ doctors said that women cannot get pregnant from rape because the body would shut down ● Battered Women’s Movement o private life is political o women’s rights to control their bodies and lives o domestic violence is a SOCIAL problem ● Antirape Movement o NOT rare or about men seeking sex o it is a way of controlling women and unequal power in society ● Criminal Justice Approach o legislative changes

o arrest policies o orders of protection ● Antiviolence Movement o shelter o advocacy o mental health services o education (ie. healthy and unhealthy relationships) ● Community Organizing o deals with multiple issues simultaneously ● Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) o funds services for victims of domestic violence and rape, and provides training to increase police and court officials’ sensitivity to DV o U Visa- special visa for immigrants of violence Theories of Intimate Partner Violence IPV-specific Theories ● Learned Helplessness o psychological paralysis (similar to PTSD) o situations are inescapable ● Attachment Theory o parent-child relationship affects adult relationships o Types of attachment ▪ Secure as a child = secure as an adult (confident in relationships and willing to ask for help from partner) ▪ Avoidant as a child = dismissing as an adult (prefers life alone and does not emotionally open up to partner) ▪ Ambivalent as a child = preoccupied as an adult (is always afraid to be rejected and obsessive to keep closeness) ● Male Peer Support Model o “Attachments to male peers and the resources that these men provide that encourage and legitimate woman abuse” General Criminological Theories ● Social Learning Theory o we learn social behavior by observing others and imitating them o Bobo doll ● General Theory of Crime o impulsive personality leads to low self-control (and maybe the weakening of social bonds) + criminal opportunity = CRIME Johnson’s Typology- different forms of violence in relationships

● Intimate Terrorism: One person uses high levels of violence and coercive control (physical and sexual violence, stalking, intimidation, emotional abuse, isolation, economic violence) ● Violent Resistance- partner of abusive person uses violence in retaliation (often women who feel trapped and reacting to their partner’s violence) ● Situational Couple Violence- neither partner is controlling, but some conflicts escalate to the use of violence Gender Symmetry ● Are women as violent as men? o Conflict Tactic Scales (CTS) say yes o police and homicide data say no Ecological Framework ● Personal History: being abused/witnessing abuse; absent/rejecting father ● Microsystem: family ● Exosystem: peers ● Macrosystem: societal norms (gender roles; patriarchy) Research Methods Definitions ● Physical violence- the intentional use of physical force with the potential for causing death, disability, injury, or harm ● Sexual violence- a sexual act committed against someone without that person’s freely given consent ● Psychological aggression- the use of verbal and non-verbal communication with the intent to harm another person mentally or emotionally, and/or to exert control over another person What is Violence? What are some assumptions made about violence? ● Assumption 1: Most people agree on what violence and abuse are. o violence is different that abuse o acts included? threshold? ● Assumption 2: Because we are measuring behaviors, we can easily document the existence of abuse and violence. o miss context/intention and outcome/injury o self-defense? ● Assumption 3: Self-reporting is appropriate, adequate, and accurate for collecting data on IPV. o Couples do not agree about the acts that have happened o people may not be very accurate when reporting on sensitive topics ● Assumption 4: Qualitative methods are better for assessing IPV and VAW than quantitative methods.

o mixed methods work the best and provides the most info ● Assumption 5: The same instruments and methodologies for identifying VAW can be used no matter the person’s race or ethnicity, sexual orientation, social class, immigration status, or disability status. Violence is universal, so separate analyses by these demographic dimensions are unnecessary. o white women have been the main focus ● Assumption 6: There is a consensus as to the most accurate method for scoring behaviors to assess abuse and violence. o various ways to score (yes/no, severity numbering scale, frequency, types) ● Assumption 7: Reliability and validity have been established for instrumentation used in the field of IPV. o reliability- consistent answers from same person o validity- if the terms we use to measure the variable is accurate Child Abuse Definitions ● Child physical abuse- the intentional use of physical force against a child that results in or has the potential to result in physical injury ● Child sexual abuse- any completed or attempted sexual act, sexual contact with, or exploitation of (i.e., noncontact sexual interaction) a child ● Neglect- deficits in meeting a child’s basic needs, including basic needs in the broad categories of physical, emotional, medical, and educational needs ● Child psychological maltreatment- based on parent behaviors--repeated patterns or extreme incident(s) of caretaker behavior--that thwart the child’s basic psychological development needs (e.g., safety, socialization, emotional and social support, cognitive stimulation, respect) o rejecting, degrading, terrorizing, isolating, missocializing, exploiting, denying emotional responsiveness, close confinement, parental inconsistency ● polyvictimiztion- the experience of multiple victimizations of different kinds (not just multiple episodes of the same kind of victimization) and can lead to more long-term implications and lasting damage Finkelhor says children are 2-3 times more likely to be victimized than adults due to: ● their smaller size ● less experience ● more dependent on other people ● less self-control ● less problem-solving skills Rates of Child Abuse ● youngest children are the most vulnerable ● equal number of male/female victims

o Males- higher rates of physical abuse o Females- higher rates of sexual abuse ● types of abuse o Physical ▪ shaken baby syndrome- leading cause of death/permanent brain damage to infants o Sexual ▪ higher rates of non-parent abusers ▪ grooming process- abuser gains trust of child (tells them they have a special relationship) and adds sexual acts o Neglect ▪ MOST COMMONLY reported (supervisory neglect- leaving child unattended) ▪ more women reported to neglect their children o Psychological Maltreatment ▪ LEAST COMMONLY reported ▪ most destructive and pervasive because almost always done by a parent Risk Factors ● Child o Psychological ▪ older age ▪ maybe more girl, but generally equal numbers o Physical ▪ male ▪ young age ▪ disability o Sexual ▪ female ▪ early adolescent ▪ sexual minority ▪ disability ▪ emotional/behavioral problems ● Abuser o Psychological ▪ biological parents ▪ difficulty with relationships, social interactions, problem-solving o Physical ▪ mental health and behavioral difficulties (anger; depression; anxiety; substance abuse) ▪ intellectual impairment ▪ parenting deficits (poor child management skills; unrealistic expectations; inconsistent parenting)

▪ parental history of abuse in childhood Sexual ▪ male ▪ adolescent or early adult age ▪ with a relationship with a child ▪ childhood maltreatment, witnessed violence, poor parent-child attachment ▪ alcohol/drug use and cognitive distortions ▪ behavioral problems, social deficits, psychological markers ▪ lack of social resources (education; unemployment) ● Contextual o Psychological ▪ poverty ▪ large family size ▪ marital discord or family violence o Physical ▪ poverty ▪ spousal disagreement ▪ verbal and physical family conflict ▪ isolation ▪ lack of family cohesion o Sexual ▪ female child living with a non-biological father, a single father, or absence of both parents ▪ conflicted family relationships ▪ social attitudes that fail to recognize child sexual abuse ▪ male/female power and status differentials ▪ sexualization of children o

Effects of Child Abuse ● Physical o medical and neurobiological complications o cognitive and academic deficits o socioeconomic deficits ● Sexual o pregnancy and STIs o academic problems o interpersonal difficulties ● Neglect o physical consequences o cognitive and academic deficits o emotional and behavioral problems o social and attachment disorders ● Psychological

o interpersonal maladjustment o intellectual and learning problems o interpersonal difficulties QUESTION- are mothers responsible for child abuse if they stay with an abusive partner and their child is subject to witness it? ● in court, being exposed to domestic violence does NOT constitute child abuse Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study ● strong predictors of later social functioning, physical and social well-being, and diseases

School and Dating Violence Bullying ● “any unwanted aggressive behavior(s) by another youth or group of youths who are not siblings or current dating partners that involves an observed or perceived power imbalance that is repeated multiple times or is highly likely to be repeated” ● Highest rates of bullying in MIDDLE SCHOOL ● Types o Direct- physical (boys) o Indirect/Relational- gossip, exclusion, damaging someone’s relationships (girls) ● Who is at risk? o LGBTQ o low socioeconomic status (positive view of violence) o students with disabilities o overweight girls o overweight OR underweight boys ● Hegemonic Masculinity o the notion that males are superior to females and should have more power, status, and privileges than females o masculinity= unemotional, tough, competitive, willing to take risks o girls are sexualized Sexual Harassment ● unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, or other verbal, nonverbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature. ● Types o direct (in person) ▪ girls almost always victimized more often than boys ▪ boys report higher rates of being called gay in a negative way o indirect (cyber)

▪ girls almost always victimized more often than boys o What had the most negative impact? ▪ Females- having someone make unwelcome sexual comments, jokes, or gestures to or about you ▪ Males- being called gay in a negative way ● Risk factors for perpetration o bullying at a young age o witnessing/experiencing abuse at home o adhering to social norms o peer support and reinforcement for harassing behaviors (male-peer support model) Gender Harassment ● being touched or grabbed in a sexual way, being forced to touch someone else in a sexual way; and being called gay or lesbian in a malicious way. o homophobic name calling o gender policing- enforcing gender roles (diversity is not valued) Dating Violence ● Dating violence is controlling, abusive, and aggressive behavior in a romantic relationship. It can happen in straight or gay relationships. It can include verbal, emotional, physical, or sexual abuse, or a combination. ● Who is more likely to experience physical and sexual dating violence? o Females more likely than males o Sexual is more likely than physical o Order of who is more likely: Hispanic, White, Black ● Risk Factors o being LGBTQ o alcohol use o witnessing violence between parents o childhood maltreatment o jealousy o poverty ● Tactics o physical violence o emotional abuse o sexual abuse o coercion and threats o intimidation o minimizing, denying, blaming o isolation Articles and Questions 1. The Roots of the Battered Women's Movement

● What led to the feminist movement, the women's liberation movement, and the battered women's movement? ● What accomplishments did each movement achieve? 2. Richie, A Black Feminist Reflection on the Antiviolence Movement ● How do law and policy shaped from experiences of a generic battered woman reflect the needs of economically advantaged women and white women over women of color and economically poor women? 3. Violence Against Women an integrated, ecological framework ● How does this article conceptualize an integrated, ecological framework regarding gender-based abuse? 4. Varieties of Patriarchy and Violence against women ● What are some criticisms concerning the efforts to construct a theory of patriarchy to explain violence against women? o not a fully developed theory ● What are some foundations for a more fully developed theory of violence against women and how does the concept of patriarchy aid a more fully developed theory? o Patriarchy is not a rigid structure and is self-sustaining. Gender inequality is about ideology (even with inequalities going away, we still live in a patriarchal society). Patriarchy must be examined along with other systems of domination (race, social status, sexual orientation). Men and women yield different amounts of power (men offer protection to powerless/helpless women). 5. Preface and Ten Myths that Perpetuate Corporal Punishment (Straus) ● Why is corporal punishment a social problem that feminist scholars should focus on? o Spanking leads to other forms of violence o It shows that you can use violence when you are angry, and someone is not listening ● You only have to read the preface, but if you want more information you can also read the Ten Myths that Perpetuate Corporal Punishment chapter. 1. Spanking works better 2. Spanking is needed as a last resort

3. Spanking is harmless 4. Spanking one of two times won’t cause any damage 5. Parents can’t stop without training 6. If you don’t spank, your child will be spoiled or run wild 7. Parents spank rarely or only for serious problems 8. By the time a child is a teenager, parents have stopped spanking 9. If parents don’t spank, they will verbally abuse their children 10. It is unrealistic to expect parents to never spank 6. Child victims, an introduction ● What examples are used support the claim that children, or juveniles, are the most criminally victimized? ● Why are children vulnerable to victimization?

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